2)构成被动语态。如:
The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。
3)与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如:
They are to see an English film this evening.
他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下:
1)构成疑问式或否定式。如:
Does he think so?
I didn’t say anything about the result.
2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调,意为“的确,确实”。如:
They do study hard.
She does love him.
He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如:
He has lived here for three years.
As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态;助动词should 是shall的过去式,构成过去将来时。如:I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
二)情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义,但不能单独作谓语,要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有:can, may, must, need, should等。
表示能力
表示能力一般用can, could。如:Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago.
be able to 也表示能力,它和can 的区别如下:
1)表示做事的能力,两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如:
She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.
They will be able to finish the drawing soon.
2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作,只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如:
She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.
can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时,表示征求对方意见或提出请求,表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式,但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气,没有时间上的差别。如:
-Could you lend me your pen?
-Yes, I can.
表示许可
表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意:回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。
-Might/Could I borrow your book?
-Yes, you may/can.
表示必需、必要
must和have to都有“必须” ,一般情况下可互换。如:You must / have to finish the work..
但他们有如下区别:
1)must 表示说话人的主观看法;have to 表示客观需要。如:
I must have a talk with him.
He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止,意为“不准,不可以做”;don’t have to 意为“不必”。如:
You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注:表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下:
must 表示较有把握的推测,只用于肯定句,不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下:
1)对目前动作的推测,用must+动词原形。如:
You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测,用must + be + 表语。如:You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.
在肯定句中,表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形,might 比 may 的可能性更小;对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如:
The package might come tomorrow.
They may have killed the enemies.
3、在疑问句中,对现在表示推测用can (could) …+动词原形,对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) …have+过去分词;在否定句中,对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形,对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如:
It can’t be John. He has gone to UK.
4、need的双重身份
need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词,它们的用法不同,如不注意区分,就容易用错。
三)系动词
连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义,它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类,而且有自己的特定用法。
1.按意义联系动词有:
be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等,
如:Jim appears very old.
2.表示感觉的联系动词有
look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。
如:It smells bad.
3.表示转变的联系动词有
become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。
如: She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四)行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词,它们都含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语,意思才能完整。如:
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词
不及物动词意义完整,不需带宾语,但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时,必须先加介词后加宾语。如:
He only worried about his daughter.
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