知 识 清 单
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
一、形容词
用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词，叫形容词。
形容词的作用，见下表：
|
作 用 |
例 句 |
|
定 语 |
You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden. |
|
表 语 |
Your coat is too small. |
|
宾语补足语 |
The old woman keeps everything clean and tidy. |
注意：有些形容词只能作表语，如：alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如：
Don’t wake the sleeping baby up. He is asleep.
The old man is alone.
形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词，要放在这些词的后面。例如：
You’d better tell us something interesting.
The police found nothing strange in the room.
多个形容词做定语时排列的先后顺序是：
1）冠词或人称代词 2）数词 3）性质 4）大小 5）形状
6）表示老少，新旧 7）颜色 8）事务、质地、人的国籍、用途。例如：
His grandpa still lives in this small short house.
他爷爷还住在这个矮小的房子里。
The woman bought two beautiful Chinese plates.
那个妇女买了两个漂亮的中国盘子。
形容词名词化：有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词，表示一类人，谓语常用复数。这类词有：rich / poor;
good / bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人种等)。例如：
The young should take good care of the old.
年轻人应该好好照顾老人。
The rich never help the poor in this country.
在这个国家，富人从来不帮助穷人。
表示数量的词组。如：
One day, a young man, twenty-five years old, came to visit the professor.
有一天，一位25岁的年轻人来拜访这位教授。
I live in a building about fifty meters high.
我住在一做大约50米高的大楼里。
形容词短语做定语时要后置。如：
They are the students easy to teach.
他们是很容易较的学生。
We live in a house much larger than yours.
我们住的房子比你们的大得多。
else要放在疑问代词或复合不定词之后。如：
Did you see anybody else?
你看到别的人了吗？
二、副词
英语中副词的位置和汉语不尽相同，它的位置比较灵活。通常用作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等。下面来介绍一下副词的分类方法：
多数副词都可以放在它所修饰的动词后面。如：
We are living happily.
我们幸福的生活着。
He runs slowly.
他跑的很慢。
时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般放在句末。如：
They went to the park yesterday morning.
昨天上午他们去公园了。
I heard him sing English songs over there.
我听见他在那边唱英语歌曲。
He drove the jeep carefully.
他小心地开着吉普。
注意： 有时表示时间的副词也可放在句首，起强调作用。如：
Yesterday I got up late.
昨天我起床很晚。
频度副词一般放在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后，实义动词之前
如：He is seldom ill.
他很少生病。
You must always remember this.
你一定要记住这一点。
I often write to my parents.
我经常写信给父母。
Do you usually go to school on foot.
你经常走路去上学？
He has never been to Beijing.
他从来没有去过北京。
注意： 有时为了加强语气，频度副词也可放在句首。如：
Sometimes she goes to school by bus and sometimes she goes to school by bike.
有时她乘公共汽车上学，有时骑自行车去。
程度副词修饰动词时，与频度副词相同，修饰形容词和副词时，放在它所修
饰的词前面。如：
That’s quite early.
那很早。
I nearly missed the bus.
我几乎错过了公交车。
She did rather badly.
她干得相当糟。
否定副词一般放在动词之前、系动词be或助动词之后。如：
She seldom goes out at night.
她晚上很少出门。
I am never late for school.
我上学从不迟到。
We had hardly got to the station when the train left.
火车离开时，我们差不多/几乎到了车站。
疑问副词放在特殊疑问句的句首。如：
When can you come?
你什么时候来？
How many days are there in a month?
一个月有多少天？
What are you going to do when you grow up?
张大以后，你打算干什么？
Where were you born?
你是在那里出生的？
Why didn’t he come?
他为什么没有来？
关系副词when, where, why 引导定语从句时，位于从句之前、所修饰的词之后。如：
Tell me the reason why you did it.
把你这样做的理由告诉我。
It’s the sort of day when you’d like to stay in bed.
这是个令人恋床不起的日子。
I don’t know the place where we will go.
我不知道我们将要去的地方。
同时存在时间状语和地点状语时，时间状语一般放在后面。如：
The meeting will be held in the classroom tomorrow.
明天会议将在教室里举行。
He watched TV in his room last night.
他作晚在房间里看电视。
They arrived in Beijing at 8 o’clock last evening.
他们昨天晚上8:00到达北京。
注：有些词既可用做形容词也可副词。如：
late, wide, well, fast, easy, early 等
The road is so wide that 8 buses can go throw it at a time.
Open your mouth wide.
三. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1） 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
|
构成法 |
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
|
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est |
tall |
taller |
tallest |
|
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st |
nice |
nicer |
nicest |
|
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est |
big |
bigger |
biggest |
|
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est |
busy |
busier |
busiest |
|
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est |
clever/narrow |
cleverer/ narrower |
cleverest/ narrowest |
|
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 |
important/ easily |
more important/ more easily |
most important/ most easily |
2） 不规则变化
|
原级 |
比较级 |
最高级 |
|
Good |
better |
best |
|
well（健康的） |
worse |
worst |
|
Bad |
||
|
ill（有病的） |
||
|
Old |
older/elder |
oldest/eldest |
|
much/many |
more |
most |
|
Little |
less |
least |
|
far |
farther/further |
farthest/furthest |
3）主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。
(1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
他没你跑得快。
Maths is as interesting as English.
数学和英语一样有趣。
(2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如：
This is as good an example as the other is.
这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can.
你能搬多少纸，我也能。
(3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one.
这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine.
你的房间和我的一样大。
(4）倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
4）比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如：
You are taller than I.
你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.
你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
（错） He is more cleverer than his brother.
（对） He is more clever than his brother.
（对） He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
（错） China is larger than any country in Asia.
（对） China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
(2) most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 "极,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
(4) " 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热。
四、最高级表达形式及用法
I、基本用法
1、三个或三个以上的人或事物相比，其中一个人或事物在某方面比其他都好，这就要使用形容词与副词的最高级。其结构为：the+形容词/副词（最高级）+其他+of（in，among）+（比较范围）例如：
This is the happiest day in my life.这是我一生中最快乐的一天。
This is one of the best novels that I have ever read.这是我所看过的小说中最好的一本。
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长的河流。
2、最高级的副词和形容词的比较应该有一个范围，这个范围通常由介词of，in，among+名（代）词构成的介词短语来表示。
Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers in the school.赵小姐是学校里最受欢迎的教师之一。
Of all the students, Wangbing reads (the) most correctly.在所有的这些学生当中王冰读得最准确。
They all came early but she came (the) earliest of all.他们都来得很早，但她来得最早。
II、比较级表示最高级的几个句型：
在中学英语里，最高级表示的最常见形式是“主语+谓语+the most.......(est) + 比较范围。”除此之外，常见的表达最高级含义的比较级结构还有：
1)主语 + 谓语 + 比较级 + than the others
This one is much larger than the others.这一个比其它大的多得多。
He is taller than the others in his class.他比班上其他人都高。
2）主语 + 谓语 + 比较级 + than anyone (anybody, anything)else
He is stronger than anyone else in his class.他比班上的任何人都强壮。
His handwriting is much better than anyone else's.他的书法比其他人都好
3) 主语+谓语+比较级 + than any other +单数名词
I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想汉语比任何的课程更受欢迎。
Tom is taller than any other student in our class.汤姆在我们班比其他任何一个学生都高。
India produces more films than any other country in the world.印度是世界上拍摄电影最多的国家。
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