上海牛津教材高一body language配套练习
Section A 精读
Eye contact
Eye contact is a meeting of the eyes between two individuals.
In human beings, eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication and is thought to have a large influence on social behavior. Coined in the early to mid-1960s, the term has come in the West to often define the act as a meaningful and important sign of confidence and social communication. The customs and significance of eye contact vary widely between cultures, with religious and social differences often altering its meaning greatly.
The study of eye contact is sometimes known as oculesics.
Eye contact and facial expressions provide important social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, probe each other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. In some contexts, the meeting of eyes arouses strong emotions.
Eye contact is also an important element in flirting, where it may serve to establish and gauge the other's interest in some situations.
Mutual eye contact that signals attraction initially begins as a brief glance and progresses into a repeated volleying of eye contact, according to Beverly Palmer, Ph.D. and professor of psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills.
In the process of civil inattention strangers in close proximity, such as a crowd, avoid eye contact in order to help maintain their privacy.
A 1985 study published in the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology suggested that "3-month-old infants are comparatively insensitive to being the object of another's visual regard". A 1996 Canadian study with 3 to 6 month old infants found that smiling in the infants decreased when adult eye contact was removed. A recent British study in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience found that face recognition by infants was facilitated by direct gaze. Other recent research has confirmed the belief that the direct gaze of adults influences the direct gaze of infants.
A person's direction of gaze may indicate to others where his or her attention lies.
Recent studies suggest that eye contact has a positive impact on the retention and recall of information and may promote more efficient learning.
In the Islamic faith, Muslims often lower their gaze and try not to focus on the opposite sex's features except for the hands and face. Lustful glances to those of the opposite sex, young or adult, are also prohibited.
Japanese children are taught in school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot. As adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect.
In many cultures, such as East Asia and Nigeria, it is respectful not to look the dominant person in the eye, but in Western culture this can be interpreted as being "shifty-eyed", and the person judged badly because "he wouldn't look me in the eye"; references such as "shifty-eyed" can refer to suspicions regarding an individual's unrevealed intentions or thoughts. Nevertheless, the seeking of constant unbroken eye contact by the other participant in a conversation can often be considered overbearing or distracting by many even in western cultures, possibly on an instinctive or subconscious level.
New Words and Expressions
1. probe: v. question or examine thoroughly and closely探查
2. gauge: v. measure precisely and against a standard判断
3. mutual: a. common to or shared by two or more parties共同的
4. volley: v. discharge in 截击
5. in the process of: during在…的过程中
6. proximity: n. the property of being close together亲近
7. retention: n. the act of keeping in your possession保留
8. instinctive: a. unthinking本能的
Exercise 1: Vocabulary
A. Matching
1) to coin a phrase a. the aspect of a situation opposite to what you have been talking about
2) the other side of the coin b. hot issue
3) pay someone back in their own coin c. as the old saying goes
4) spin/ toss/ flip a coin d. punish somebody as he make you suffer
5) current coin e. throw a coin in the air to decide between two choices
B. Gap filling
A. probe B. instinctive C. gauge D. in the process of
E. mutual F. retention G. volley H. proximity
1. There are early signs that some of the affected economies are ___________ recovery.
2. Even by Messi's standards , for instance, it was optimistic to attempt a _______ from distance after a corner dropped to him.
3. Running away is our __________ reaction when we meet danger.
4. Heat __________ is important, to avoid spending too much energy to keep warm.
5. His mood can be ________ by his reaction to the most trivial of incidents.
6. Busy airports often owe their success to their _________ to large population centres.
7. A flashlight beam ________ the underbrush only yards away from their hiding place.
8. I sincerely hope that you will settle the matter to your ________ satisfaction.
Exercise 2: Reading comprehension
A. True or False:
1. Strangers in a crowd avoid eye contact in order to keep their privacy.
2. Infants are not aware of the eye contact of the adults.
3. Muslims are prohibited to gaze at the opposite sex's hands.
4. Japanese do not look at their superior in the eyes as a gesture of respect.
5. Shifty-eyed means differently in western and eastern cultures.
B. Open-ended question:
Can you think of some more different meanings of eye movemnt in western and eastern cultures?
Key:
Exercise 1 (A) cadeb
(B) 1. in the process of 2. volley 3. instinctive 4. retention
5. retention 6. retention 7. probed 8. mutual
Exercise 2 (A) TFFTT
Section B 泛读
Body language in different cultures
People from parts of India may shake their head from side to side as a sign of agreement and active listening. In the west we tend to nod our head to agree and affirm and to show we are listening; in India it is not unusual for people to move their heads from side to side in giving these reactions. It is also seen as respectful practice.
Showing the soles of the feet is insulting and rude in many Asian and Arab cultures. Similarly pointing the foot or feet at anyone is rude. Feet are considered dirty.
In Arab culture the left hand is commonly considered unclean due to associations with toilet functions, and should therefore not be offered or used for touching or eating. When in doubt in Arab environments, using the right hand for everything is a safer idea.
In Arab countries the thumbs-up gesture is rude.
The eyebrow flash may be considered rude or to carry sexual connotations in Japanese culture. Informal male-female touching is less common and can be considered improper in Japan.
The American-style 'OK' sign --- a circle made with thumb and index-finger with other fingers fanned or outstretched --- is a rude gesture in some cultures, notably Latin America, Germany and the Middle East.
Beckoning gestures in Eastern cultures are commonly made with the palm down, whereas Western beckoning is generally palm up.
The offensive British two-fingered V-sign is not necessarily offensive in Japan and may be considered positive like the Western palm-outwards 'victory' or 'peace' V-sign in the West.
In some countries, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria for example, moving the head up and down or from side to side may have additional or different meanings to those conventionally interpreted in the UK or US. Specifically, in Turkey, aside from using conventional (US/UK-style) head nodding and shaking, some people may also signal 'no' by moving their head up.
Arab handshaking tends to be more frequent and less firm --- on meeting and departing, even several times in the same day.
In Japan the male bow is still commonly used, when the depth of the bow increases with the amount of respect shown, and is therefore a signal of relative status between two people.
In The Netherlands people touch the temple with the index finger in order to indicate someone (or an action) is smart or intelligent. Touching the forehead with the index finger means someone (or an action) is stupid or crazy. In Russia these meanings are reversed.
Here are some Japanese body language insights, especially for doing business in Japan.
High-pitched laughter means nervousness.
On introduction, do not offer a handshake. Depth of bow is impossible to judge without immense experience: it is sufficient for a Westerner to bow shallowly.
Business cards should be exchanged at the first possible opportunity. The card received should be held in both hands and examined carefully, and then stored, preferably in a wallet, on the upper half of the body. Holding a person's identity in one hand is casual and disrespectful. The trouser pocket is a rude place.
Blowing one's nose into a handkerchief in public is obscene. (What other bodily waste do you wrap up in cotton and put in your pocket?)
Japanese businesses (unless they cannot afford it) have two types of meeting room: a Western style room with central table, and a room with sofas. The sofa room is for non-antagonistic meetings. In general, the 45 degree rule seems to apply here --- better to sit on adjacent sides than across from one another. This room can be a great place to cut deals. Nevertheless, the 'table' room is where transactions are formalised. There the host of the meeting sits nearest to (and preferably with his back to) the door. This is probably chivalric in origin --- he is first in the way of any invader to the room. His team sits on the same side of the table in descending rank. The chief guest sits opposite to him and similarly the minions decline to the side. The head of the table is not generally used in bilateral (two parties) meetings except by people brought in to advise on components of the agenda. A great boss may spend much of the meeting with his eyes closed. He is considering what is being said by the subordinates and does not need visual distraction. However, if he has a firm steer to give, he will instruct his deputy and this will be relayed immediately.
Loss of eye contact is quite normal with lower ranking people: if they drop their head, this indicates deep thought.
Otherwise, pure body signals are quite similar to Western ones, with one notable exception: touching the tip of the nose from straight ahead signals 'I or me'.
The Japanese language does have a word for 'no' but it is rarely used in business for fear of causing offence or loss of face. "Yes, but..." is substantially more acceptable.
(选材于http://www.robertphipps.com/Articles)
Notes
1. from side to side: from right to left
2. due to: because of
3. in doubt: feeling confused
4. aside from: besides
5. in general: considered altogether
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks:
1. In the west people tend to nod the head to show _____________.
2. Pointing the feet at anyone is rude because _________________.
3. The left hand is commonly considered unclean in _______________.
4. In The Netherlands, people touch the temple with ____________________.
5. In business the Japanese express disagreement by saying ________________.
B. Answer the questions:
1. What are the two types of meeting room in Japanese businesses?
2. When should the business cards be exchanged?
3. How do the beckoning gestures in western cultures made?
4. Which people signal 'no' by moving their head up?
5. What does the depth of the bow by Japanese people show?
Key:
A. 1. agreement and affirmation and that they are listening
2. feet are considered dirty
3. Arab culture
4. the index finger
5. "Yes, but..."
B. 1. A Western style room with central table, and a room with sofas.
2. At the first possible opportunity while meeting.
3. With the palm up.
4. Turkish people.
5. The amount of respect.
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