2020届中考语法专练之名词及名词短语讲解及配套真题
一．名词
名词的种类：
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专有名词 |
普通名词 |
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国名地名人名，团体机构名称 |
可数名词 |
不可数名词 |
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个体名词 |
集体名词 |
抽象名词 |
物质名词 |
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II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
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规则 |
例词 |
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1 |
一般情况在词尾加-s |
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days |
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2 |
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es |
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes |
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3 |
以-f或-fe结尾的词 |
变-f和-fe为v再加-es |
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, |
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加-s |
chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs |
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4 |
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es |
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities |
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5 |
以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s |
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys |
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6 |
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 |
一般加-es |
Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
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不少外来词加-s |
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos |
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两者皆可 |
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos |
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7 |
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s |
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos |
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8 |
以-th结尾的名词加-s |
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, |
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2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
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规则 |
例词 |
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1 |
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 |
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice |
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2 |
单复数相同 |
sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, |
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3 |
只有复数形式 |
trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, |
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4 |
一些集体名词总是用作复数 |
people, police |
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5 |
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） |
class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party |
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6 |
复数形式表示特别含义 |
customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜) |
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7 |
表示“某国人” |
加-s |
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
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单复数同形 |
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese |
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以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women |
Englishmen, Frenchwomen |
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8 |
合成名词 |
将主体名词变为复数 |
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
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无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 |
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches |
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将两部分变为复数 |
women singers, men servants |
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III. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成：
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单数名词在末尾加’s |
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, |
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复数名词 |
一般在末尾加’ |
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
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不规则复数名词后加’s |
the children’s toys, women’s rights, |
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以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ |
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house |
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表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s |
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes |
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表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s |
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father |
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表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 |
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s |
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2. ’s所有格的用法：
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１ |
表示时间 |
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
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2 |
表示自然现象 |
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
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3 |
表示国家城市等地方的名词 |
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry |
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4 |
表示工作群体 |
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
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5 |
表示度量衡及价值 |
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
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6 |
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 |
the life’s time, the play’s plot |
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7 |
某些固定词组 |
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
1. Betty has a beautiful _________. She wants to be a singer in the future. (2019.江苏淮安)
A. voice B. look C. noise D. sound
2.--- What should we do for the camping trip?
--- We’d better make a of things like foods, drinks, medicine and so on. （2019福建）
A. list B. card C. report
3. Which word goes with the sound
?(2019甘肃兰州)
A. snack B. smile C. state D. snake
4. —Look! They are . (2019甘肃天水)
—Yes. We are proud of them.
A. man scientist B. women scientists
C. woman scientists D.man scientists
5--Here is my family___.We took it last year. 2019甘肃敦煌)
A.member B.name C.photo D.house
6．（1分）I'd like some_____and_____．（ 2019广西百色 ）
A．banana； tomato B．bananas； tomato
C．bananas； tomatoes D．banana； tomatoes
7．（1分）In China， the color red is the ________of good luck． (2019广西北部湾)
A．dream B．way C．symbol D．reason
8．（1分）﹣﹣﹣The air is very fresh in our city． There is less than before．
﹣﹣﹣Yes． The government has taken action to protect the environment (2019广西贵港)
A．wood B．pollution C．noise D．water
9. I'm not hungry at all because I have just had much ___________.(2019 广西 柳州)
A. bread B. pears C. eggs
10．（1分）Jane is very thirsty， so she needs some ． (2019 贵州 黔南州)
A．water B．bread C．cakes D．rice
11．（1分）My cousin and I often walk to the______to see pandas on weekends． (2019 海南)
A．bank B．zoo C．market
12．（1分）﹣﹣Would you please______your e﹣mail address？ I missed it just now．(2019 海南)
﹣﹣No problem．It's fox@163．com．
A．repeat B．review C．record
13. I like this song. It’s by one of my favorite_________.(2019河北)
A. singers B. dancers C. painters D. writers
14For his son’s birthday, Steven is taking him to the new movie as a . (2019 河南)
A. task B. treat C. choice D. visit
15.The problems are difficult to solve.Please give me ____.(2019黑龙江大庆)B=
A. many advice B.some advice C. an advice D.some advices
16. Tim got four ____ from his relatives on Children s Day.
A. toy B. toys C. toies
17. Journey to the West is a traditional ____ book. It has been translated into different languages.
A. American B. British C. Chinese
18. —Igorunning every day.
—Wow! That’s a good ________. It keeps you healthy. (2019黑龙江齐齐哈尔)
A. task B. exercise C. habit
19. —Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?
—I’m afraid that we have no____ but Io take a Laxi, (2019湖北黄冈)
A. idea B. decision C. reason D. choice
20. - More and more foreigners come to visit the Gfeat Wall.
-Tnat's true. It is the____of China_(2019湖北黄石)
A. praise B,pride C,effort D.courage
21. — Creative morning____ are popularin our school. (2019 湖北咸宁)
—Yes，we dance to fun music, such as the song Calorie(卡路里).
A. exams B. exercises C.examples D.expressions
22. —Nowadays more and more foreigners are becoming interested in Kungfu. (2019 湖北咸宁)
— That’s true. It’s an important part of Chinese____.
A. invention B.story C. culture D. custom
23.—Dad, what is the loudspeaker saying? （2019湖北武汉）
—It is to the. The flight to Wuhan is boarding now.
A. customers B. passengers C. members D. tourists
24一Everyone should stick to his dream.
一Yes. A life without a dream is like a bird without ________, which can't fly. (2019 湖北孝感)
A. wings B. water C. clouds D. food
25. -I know little about this product. (2019湖南郴州)
-Surf the Internet, and you will get much _________about it.
A. information B. message C. suggestion
26. We should brush our ________ every day. （2019湖南岳阳）
A. tooth B. teeth C. hand
27. Which underlined letter pronounces differently from the others?（2019江苏省连云港）
A. planet B. camping C. rabbit D. shape
28. On April 24, Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the __________110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar（2019江苏省连云港）
A. man B. men C. men's D. mens'
29. US scientist Edward T. Hall said that in a conversation between two people, 65% of _________
is done through body language. （2019江苏省连云港）
A. application B. pronunciation C. introduction D. communication
30. High-speed trains are seen as one of the new Four Great of China. （2019南通江苏）
A. Achievements B. Agreements
C. Environments D. Instruments
31. - Keep quiet! I need complete__________ when I'm working. （2019江苏苏州）
-Sorry, dad. I won't make any noise again.
A. trust B. silence C. control D. strength
32. –Anna, how does the dress look on me? (2019江苏宿迁)
-To tell you the ________, it doesn’t fit you well.
A. trade B. trust C. truth D. treat
33. My mother has a poor _________of direction, so she is always afraid to go out alone. （2019江苏泰州）
A. scene B. silence C. service D. sense
34. Look at the two _________over there. They are teaching the girls to play the guitar. (2019湖南益阳)
A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. woman teacher
35. My daughter helps me cook, but she isn’t old enough to be left alone in the __________.（2019江西）
A. bedroom B. classroom C. lab D. kitchen
36. If I leave my house at 9 o'clock and drive to the airport, I'll arrive at about 11. So it's about two
_________drive from my house to the airport. （2019山东临沂）
A. hours' B. hour's C. hours
37. After years of war, the people in Syria are thirsty for ____________.(2019山东滨州)
A. price B. noise C. peace D. course
38. — Lucy, how about going to the ?(2019山东青岛)
— Sounds great! Reading books can give us much pleasure.
A. library B. cinema C. museum D. concert
39. The number of the people using Huawei ________is getting larger and larger. (2019江苏盐城)
A. cultures B. customers C. products D. histories
40. —I’m not sure what to write about The Secret Garden in the report.
—You should read some _____ about the book before writing. (2019江苏扬州)
A. reviews B. reasons C. results D. rewards
41. When I think of the worried _______ of foreign students who are learning Chinese, I can go to
study English calmly. （2019江苏镇江）
A. looks B. designs C. efforts D. needs
42. Schools are good places for students to get __________and make friends.(2019辽宁抚顺)
A. background B. knowledge
C. attention D. competition
43. The article gives students some___________ about how to stay safe online.(2019辽宁本溪)
A. suggestions B. activities C. decisions D. advantages
44.WeChat（微信）is one of the most convenient ways of .（2019辽宁铁岭）
A.information B.competition
C.communication D.pollution
45. To keep our city beautiful, the are always very busy in the streets. We shouldn’t throw rubbish everywhere. （2019山西）
A.policemen B.cleaners C. drivers
46.Night Safari is an amazing __________ and you can watch animals there at night. (2019四川广元)
A. school B. zoo C. hospital
47. Upstairs are bedrooms. They are tidy and nice. But are in a mess. (2019四川眉山)
A. Lily’s and Lucy’s; our B. Lily’s and Lucy’s; ours
C. Lily’s and Lucy; ours D. Lily and Lucy’s; our
48. The food safety is a serious in many countries. People should try to solve it. (2019四川眉山)
A. subject B. program C. problem D. opinion
49. The _____________of the 2019 Beijing International Horticultural Expo(园艺博览会)is“Live Green, Live Better.” (2019云南昆明)
A.symbol B.condition C.theme D.invention
50. - Sir, did you enjoy your stay in our________________?(2019浙江温州)
- Yes, I slept well and I like the breakfast.
A. hotel B. school C. factory D. company
51. One ____ of the book is missing, so I can’t learn the whole story. （2019重庆）
A. copy B. page C. writer D. reader
答案：1. AADBC 6. CCBAA 11. BAABB 16. BCCDB
21. DCBAA 26.BDCDA 31. BCDAD 36. ACACA
41. ABACB 46. BBCCA 51.B
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