上海高考真题汇编—概要写作
2020年秋考
Are people unique?
It is human beings’ pride that we are the only species on the Planet that can speak and think. However, recent research casts doubt on that common belief.
Zuberbuhler, a psychologist at St. Andrews University, and his colleagues recorded thousands of calls made by Diana monkeys and noticed that the monkeys adapted their calls to change the meaning to warn one another about different situations. For example, they made a ‘krack’ alarm call at the sight of tiger. However, when they merely repeated calls made by other monkeys they added an ‘oo’.
The researchers found that the same calls would be recognised by other species, like Campbell’s monkeys. So they are communicating across species. ‘And since then we have found that hornbill birds can understand these calls and they too can understand all the different meanings’, said Zuberbuhler.
What is also surprising is that signs of intelligence have been found in birds, whose small brains were long assumed to be a complete barrier to intelligence. However, all that is changing fast. A few years ago Irene Pepperberg of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology taught a parrot to recognise and count up to six objects, which couldn’t have been achieved if birds were unable to memorize.
Last year, that was topped by Alex Kacelnik, a professor of behavioral ecology at Oxford, who discovered that crows (乌鸦) are capable of using tools in complex orders, the first time such behaviour has been observed in non-humans. In an experiment seven crows successfully grabbed a piece of food placed out of reach using three different lengths of stick. Crucially, they were able to complete the task without any special training, suggesting the birds were capable of a level of abstract reasoning normally associated only with humans.
All this is powerful evidence against the idea that people are unique.
Scientists have discovered signs of language and intelligence in monkeys and birds. Some monkeys can communicate various messages with different calls in and across species. Some birds, like parrots and crows, have the ability to memorize and reason. So language and intelligence are not unique to humans.
2020年春考
Global Cooperation
In the 21st century, we’ve seen a new trend that is pushing the boundaries (边界) of human invention and innovation — global cooperation. Scientific and technical research and development is now so complicated that no one scientist can know it all. So, increasingly, innovation is coming from the combining of cutting-edge expertise (专业知识) from different scientific fields.
There are now over 8,000 scientific journals worldwide and it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. Therefore, in this highly specialized world, scientists, medics and engineers have to cooperate in order to innovate. Professor Bob Langer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has made significant breakthroughs in the field of biomedical engineering. But he hasn’t done it on his own. He has invited experts from around the world in different fields to form a global team to design new substances which can go inside the body, deliver medicines and then dissolve.
Also at MIT, when Cesar Harada heard about the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, he quit his dream job there and tried to develop a more efficient way to remove the oil. But rather than focusing on profit, he decided to ‘open-source’ the design. He shared his own ideas on the web for free and then got experts from all around the world to contribute ideas and even donations. Thanks to this free, not-for-profit way of sharing ideas and intellectual property on the internet, a boat capable of cleaning oil quickly came into being. Obviously, international cooperation based on sharing information freely has produced innovative approaches to solving problems.
It appears that the days of brilliant individuals working in their garages on their own are over. Global teams with a united purpose building on everyone’s expertise can collectively do far more than one brilliant individual. Today’s world calls for global cooperators, sharers, and not protectors of ideas.
In this century, global cooperation in science and technology is desirable because no single scientist can be a know-all due to the complexity of research and development. Scientists are working together to make breakthroughs. They also manage to solve problems by sharing ideas information freely. Gone are the days when one expert can make it alone.
2019年秋考
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. When you’re the only member of your social circle with the latest hot device, people stare in fascination. However, people tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one.
Frankly speaking, early adoption is a bad investment. The earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever be. Companies are attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and once the profits from early adopters’ purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about $200 only eight months after its release.
Those who are first to leap into a new technology also risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on. In 2006, HD DVDs, a new format（制式）for video, entered the market. A few eager consumers bought HD DVD players that were discontinued in early 2008. The early adopters were then stuck with pricey devices that just sat on their shelves collecting dust.
Another good reason to resist the early adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has imperfections. For example, when Microsoft’s game machine, Xbox One, was first released in 2013, users immediately began to complain of problems. Devoted gamers worked to find and share solutions to these issues. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid testers.
So don’t join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest version of device; instead, wait and see.
参考答案：It is unwise to be early users of the latest devices. Firstly, the devices, when launched, are often overpriced because companies want to get back the cost quickly. Secondly, what you have bought can be out of date very soon. Finally, the devices are very likely imperfect. Therefore, don’t be early adopters.
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A |
1. 在包含主题句及涵盖三个要点的基础上，能根据文章准确阐述三个要点中任意两点 2. 需要说明作者对这一行为的态度（开头结尾皆可）It is unwise.../Don't become...(表述可不相同) 如没有表达出这一态度，内容不能拿满分 |
|
B |
在包含主题句及涵盖三个要点的基础上，能根据文章准确阐述三个要点中任意一点的具体内容： (1) Firstly, the devices, when launched, are often overpriced because companies want to get back the cost quickly.(该要点阐述定价高的理由) (2) Secondly, what you have bought can be out of date very soon. (该要点阐述果实很快) (3) Finally, the devices are very likely imperfect.(该要点阐述设备不完美，如只写“unpaid testers”不准确) |
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C |
必须准确写出主题句及涵盖三个要点，要点可以不展开 1.主题句中“Early adopters /early users of latest devices” 划线部分信息在主题句中没有表述，但下文提及，表述不扣分；但如果下文没有表达清楚是什么的早期使用者术语主题句表述不准确。 2.单个要点：over priced， out of date，imperfect |
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D |
1. 只提到三个要点，但没有主题句或主题句表述不准确 2. 有主题句，但三个要点中只提到两个 |
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E |
1. 只提到一个或两个要点，但没有主题句或主题句表述不准确 2. 有主题句，但三个要点中只提到一个 |
2019年春考
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Where are the bees?
Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate（给...授花粉）large areas of crops, such as strawberries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.
In 2006, beekeepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster (CCD). The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive（蜂巢）. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.
There were many theories of the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides（杀虫剂）and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeepers get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of traveling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.
No one knows for sure what causes bees to disappear, but losing bees is very costly for the economy. Bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would affect the quality of food and increase food prices. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the loss of that tiny flying insect.
参考答案：Bees are disappearing rapidly. The most persuasive explanation is related to pesticides and their current lifestyle. Now bees have to travel around as beekeepers rent them for pollination. On the way, they may die from stress or food on a diet polluted by pesticides. Whatever the cause, the loss of gees does great harm to the economy. (57w)
评分标准：
内容
5分：包含三个要点（见3分），并对三个要点中的两个进行说明，如
Now bees have to travel around as beekeepers rent them for pollination.
They may die from stress on the way.
They may feed on a diet polluted by pesticides on the way.
4分：包含三个要点，并对三个要点中的一个进行说明
或 包含两个要点，并对两个要点进行说明
3分：包含三个要点：
蜜蜂消失这一现象
蜜蜂消失的原因
蜜蜂消失对经济的影响
包含两个要点，并对一个要点进行说明
2分：包含两个要点
1分：包含一个要点
语言：
61-66个词，扣1分；超过66词，扣2分
连续5个单词抄自原文，扣1分，不重复扣分。
有语法错误，扣1分，不重复扣分。
语言以准确为标准，不要求句式复杂，词汇丰富。若语言出色，有轻微语法错误不扣分。
2018年秋考
Becoming an attractive employee
The 2008 financial crisis created an unstable job market. Fast-forward to the present, and the economy has not fully recovered. Thus, it’s of vital importance for job seekers to carefully strategize their approach to job application. And it is especially important for those new to the workforce. They should look at making themselves as attractive as possible to employers.
For young people, information technology skills will play an increasing role in the future. As the generation to have grown up in the Information Age, they are quite confident when it comes to showing off their interests and skills in this field. This makes them a natural fit for companies seeking expertise in technology, marketing, and networking. They should emphasize these skills when applying for jobs that require the ability to multitask.
Another attractive quality is experience. It is important that an applicant’s resume list any activities that involved teamwork and goal-driven responsibilities. Membership in a sports or social club and participation as a volunteer are good examples of this. These activities involve goal management and planning, along with the ability to focus while competing on a team. When hiring committees see this, they see a candidate who is capable of working in a variety of environments.
Finally, an attractive quality when job-hunting is a great attitude toward a potential job. Young job seekers are known to be overconfident because they have been praised for everything they have done. But they must realize that the employment market is about how an employee will be a good fit for a company, not the other way around. In fact, in an interview, an important question to ask is: “What would be expected of me as an employee?”
In today’s tough job market. young job seekers need to provide a potential employer with good reasons to hire them.
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A |
在包含主题句及涵盖三个要点的基础上，能根据文章准确阐述三个要点中任意两点 |
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B |
在包含主题句及涵盖三个要点的基础上，能根据文章准确阐述三个要点中任意一点的具体内 容： (1) They need to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in information technology. (2) They should include in their résumés the experiences that reflect they are cooperative and goal-oriented. (3) They need to adopt a proper attitude, that is, taking future employers’ expectations into consideration. |
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C |
必须包含主题句及涵盖三个要点（可以不展开） 主题句需表达的意思：How can young people attract their future employers? 或 How do young job seekers strategize the approach to job application? 三个要点：information technology skills, experience, attitude |
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D |
1. 只提到三个要点，但没有主题句 2. 有主题句，但三个要点中只提到两个 |
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E |
1. 只提到一个或两个要点，但没有主题句 2. 有主题句，但三个要点中只提到一个 |
参考答案:
How can young people attract their future employers? First, they need to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in information technology. Second, they should include in their resume the experiences that reflect they are cooperative and goal-oriented. Finally they need to adopt a proper attitude, that is, taking future employers’ expectations into consideration.
学生答案：
Due to financial crisis, young people should appear fully attractive to attach to employers. Firstly, information technology skills are preferred in multitask because of its increasing importance. Besides, experience involving teamwork and valuable personal qualities is also of great value. Finally, employees should express their genunie hopes to show a great attitude to the job. All above contributes to hiring.(9分)
Since the economy is not good at all, it's essential for employees to become attractive. First, information technology skills are more nature for the young and important to get a job. Second, experience with group operation that needs management and variety is also important. Third, becoming humble and having a right attitude is also the employers are looking for.(8分)
Because of the financial crisis, the job seekers should be more attractive to apply for jobs. People should pay more attention to show their skillful expertise and their various experience working with others or their memberships. What’s more, keeping humble is important when you are in an interview. With this ideas, job seeker will get their ideal jobs.(6分)
After the financial crisis, being an attractive employee is important. Different skills in modern fields can make employers more easily find their job and show themselves. Rich working experience can help you survive in tough working surroundings well. And not being so confident is also very important for finding jobs.(不到6分)
2018年春考
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
To Laugh Is Human
Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh.
Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships.
Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another.
Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with.
参考答案：
Scientists think humans are born with the ability to laugh, but why do we laugh? We laugh to feel closer to one another. Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone. Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better. (59w)
(be born with= be inborn/ accepted= recognized= identified/ be born out of= evolve from =come from =originate from)
Laughter is unconscious, infectious and basic. It brings us a trustworthy, comfortable and honest feeling, thus better maintaining friendships. Chances are that we laugh more with others around, contributing to prompting recognition and feeling more connected with one another. Scientists assure that laughter resulted in greater cooperation between individuals in ancient times, as better cooperation leads to survival. (58w)
We were born with the ability of helping and scientists think the reason why we laugh is that we feel connected with others and we want to be recognized by others. Besides, laughter helps people to cooperate to survive with. (40w)
2017年秋考
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Learing by Rote in the Digital Age
Rote learning had become seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines learning ‘by rote’ as: ‘from memory, without thought of the meaning; in a mechanical way’.
The decline of rote learning has been quickened by technology. No one needs to memorize friends’ phone numbers or email addresses because such data is conveniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World WarⅡbroke out when you can find the answer on the internet in about six seconds? But now there are voices for a need to return to rote learning.
In fact, memorizing key data is essential to learning any skill. Doctoring requires knowledge of medicine and lawyering requires knowledge of cases and laws. Of course, being able to recall things will not further your understanding of those things, but without memorizing these foundation elements, you cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject.
While the internet and computers have weakened the need for us to remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can help bring this style of learning back to life by making it more convenient and more fun.
Drilling yourself——with flashcards or by repetition——is usually hard and boring work, which is why most people need their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual study; our digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keeps motivated, whether through game-like structures or recording our progress.
Once you’ve required the essentials of a subject by rote learning you will find it easier to go deeper in the application of knowledge which is important.
参考答案：Rote learning means mechanical memorization. Although technology makes it less needed, its value is being rediscovered. Rote learning helps people acquire basic knowledge, laying a foundation for further understanding. In fact, technology makes mobile learning possible, which motivates learners in rote learning and makes memorization more interesting and individualized.
2017年春考
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Shyness
If you suffer shyness, you are not alone. It is not surprising that social scientists are exploring its environmental causes.
The first environmental cause of shyness many be a child’s home and family life. Today’s children are growing up smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby. Growing up in homes in which both parents work full time, children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits by neighbours and friends. Because of their lack of social skills, they may begin to feel shy when they start school.
A second environmental cause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In a large study conducted in Japan, 57 percent of participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Lynne Henderson and Philip Zimbardo say, “One explanation is that in Japan, an individual’s performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person.” Therefore, Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions.
Technology may also pay a role. In the United States, the number of young people who report being shy has risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to our huge advances in technology, watching television, playing video games, and surfing the Web have replaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults, too, are becoming isolated as a result of technology. Face to face interaction with bank clerks, gas station attendants are no longer necessary because people can use machines to do their banking, fill their their gas tanks, and order goods. In short, they become shy.
It appears that most people have experienced shyness at some time in their lives. Therefore, if you are shy, you have lots of company.
If you suffer shyness, you are not alone. It is not surprising that social scientists are exploring its environmental causes.
参考答案：Shyness is common and it has environmental causes, including home and family life, culture and technology. Firstly, with smaller families and working parents, children lack social interactions. Secondly, blaming failure on individuals causes people in some culture to be shy in public. Finally, with the development of technology, people have fewer opportunities to socialize in person.
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