Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
A Grateful Patient
I took a job as a receptionist for a vet（兽医）almost five decades ago. As an enthusiastic animal lover, I accepted the position on the condition (21) _______ U wouldn’t have to assist with any wounded animals. I didn’t have the courage (22) _______ (watch) any creature in pain.
At the end of my first week, we were closing the office for the day (23) _______ a young man ran up to us holding a severely injured Doberman puppy（杜宾幼犬）in his arms and begging us to save his life. The four-month-old puppy had been hit by a car.
The doctor and I ran back into the operating room. The only place (24) _______ the skin was still attached to his poor little body was around one shoulder. The vet worked tirelessly for what seemed like hours, (25) _______ (sew) him back together again. That was the easy part. The puppy had broken multiple bones, including his back. (26) _______ _______ he survived the next few days, we were quite sure he would never walk again.
The day forever changed my life. I became the vet’s assistant in all things medical. One of my first jobs was to give that Doberman puppy daily physical therapy. Weeks went by until one day he finally recovered.
Fast - forward about a year. I walked into the clinic’s (27) _______ (crowed) waiting room and called the name of the next client. Suddenly, a huge Doberman ran toward me. I found (28) _______ pinned against the wall with this magnificent dog standing on his back legs, his front paws（爪子）on my shoulders, washing my face with plentiful and joyful kisses!
I still tear up in amazement (29) _______ the display of love and gratitude the dog had for me that day all those years ago. I went on to be a vet technician for 14 years, and since retirement, I have volunteered at a no-kill animal shelter. In all the time that has passed and all the experiences I have had, I’ve never met a dog who didn’t know that it (30) _______ (rescue) in one way or another.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
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A. achievement B. captured C. championed D. conveniently E. distract F. executive G. manageable H. memorable I. publicizing J. reluctantly K. reveal |
Marketing the Moon
An astronaut, a little hop and a witty quote: Neil Armstrong’s first lunar（月球的）footstep is deep-rooted in the minds of all humankind. But that first moon landing might not have been such a(n) __31__ moment if it weren’t for NASA’s clever PR (Public Relations) team.
Richard Jurek is a marketing __32__ and co-author of the book marketing the Moon: The Selling of the Apollo Lunar Program. He says NASA’s move to real-time, open communication made the 1969 Apollo 11 landing “the first positive viral event that __33__ the world’s attention.”
Before NASA was established in 1958, rockets were the military’s territory; that secretiveness carried over into the space agency’s early days. At first, NASA followed a “fire in the tail” rule, only ___34___ a rocket’s launch when it was successfully in the air. But as the agency evolved, it started announcing more details about the Apollo program. It ___35___its astronauts, talked openly about mission goals and challenges, and shared launch times so people could watch. “If it had been run like it was under the military,” Jurek says, “we would not have had that sense of drama, that sense of involvement, that sense of wonder, that ___36___.” Instead, all the PR and press promotion in the years ahead of Apollo 11 brought the human spaceflight program into people’s living rooms and imaginations.
As the drama neared its peak, NASA’s PR officials pushed for live TV broadcasts of the first humans to walk on the moon. Not everyone thought it was a good idea. The technology for live lunar broadcasts, and cameras small enough to keep the cargo ___37___, didn’t exist at the point. Some engineers worried that developing that equipment would ___38___ from efforts to achieve the landing itself. But NASA’s communications team argued that telling the story was as vital as the ___39___ itself. Live TV would bring the American people -- and international viewers -- along for the ride.
Come landing day, which ___40___ fell on a Sunday, more than half a billion people worldwide crowded around TVs and radios for the historic moment. “We were able to come together and do something that was exciting and interesting and brought the world together,” says David Meerman Scott, marketing strategist and co-author of Marketing the Moon. “I don’t know that we’ve done anything like that since.”
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Ancient creatures likely evolved the stress response to better escape from hunters. But today its causes include traffic, deadlines and first dates. According to a 2018 American Psychological Association survey of more than 3,000 people, the top ___41___ are work, money, the economy and health.
Although everyone faces stress, people react to it ___42___. “There’s the situation, how we ___43___ the situation, and then our skills at handling the situation,” says psychologist William Lovallo of the University of Oklahoma. ____44____ experiences help us assess appropriate responses, so most people improve with age. “A high school student or a college student might not have those ___45___ skills and might let a situation get out of hand,” he adds.
Most ___46___have normal stress responses, regulated to give the right burst of hormones（激素）and bodily changes for a particular stressor. But others always over-or under-react, which may be a warning sign for physical or mental ___47___. To study this, scientists often monitor cortisol（皮质醇）or heart rate variations throughout the day and during trying tasks.
____48___, the intensity of these responses seems to be set from a young age. Studies have shown that people who experienced childhood hardships -- including physical punishment and a(n) ___49___ home -- are more likely to have quiet stress reactions as adults. For example, as part of a study published in 2012, Lovallo exposed 354 participants to moderate stress. People who self-reported early-life ___50___ actually had lower heart rates and cortisol levels than other participants. While the study tasks were not important, the individuals’ under-reactions suggest their stress response may also have trouble ___51___ when it really matters. It can be just as ___52___ as an extreme response. Other research has found links between childhood conflict, abnormally low adult stress and substance misuse. Though the biology is not fully understood, it’s suggested that early - life neglect or suffering ___53___ the body’s stress pathways.
Even before birth, a child can ___54___ parental stress. The phenomenon is well - demonstrated in rats and mice, and some papers have shown the same association ___55___. For example, babies born to mothers who survived the 9/11 attacks all had how cortisol levels.
41. A. stressors B. responses C. secretes D. concerns
42. A. appropriately B. differently C. normally D. mentally
43. A. improve B. influence C. describe D. evaluate
44. A. Valuable B. Professional C. Previous D. Constant
45. A. coping B. living C. learning D. acting
46. A. adults B. researchers C. students D. monitors
47. A. functions B. disorders C. variations D. abilities
48. A. By the way B. In some cases C. On the contrary D. As a result
49. A. independent B. distinguished C. unstable D. extended
50. A. education B. experience C. involvement D. difficulty
51. A. racing up B. showing up C. taking up D. keeping up
52. A. impressive B. insignificant C. positive D. unhealthy
53. A. smooths B. follows C. dulls D. destroys
54. A. endure B. relieve C. increase D. inherit
55. A. between animals B. in humans C. with society D. of importance
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
I live in a second - floor flat with an ancient tree right on the corner of the house. House and tree have been here, side by side, for well over a century. No one really knows how old the tree is, but it was already there when builders started on the house at the beginning of the 1900s.
It was still rather young and flexible back then, so it easily welcomed the new structure into its path. it bent and adjusted itself to make room, and to find the space to grow big and strong and wise. Which means that some hundred years later, the solid, strong branches of the tree reach around two full sides of my home. It’s covered in mass（苔藓）, which is, in turn, crawling with all sorts of inseets. I have never seen the insects, by the way, I just know that they’re there because of all the birds trying to pick them out. They are always hopping around, looking for this and that and singing songs.
I feel like I have become part of the ecosystem. When I’m eating breakfast or making dinner in the kitchen, I can look out and see a bird hopping around skillfully, gathering its own meal while I tend to mine. When I’m sitting in the living room, reading or drinking tea, I can suddenly find myself face to face with another bird. We’ll be staring at each other and, after some time, decide we can both carry on with our business. Living side by side. Even as I write this -- the large windows open to a lovely, soft evening -- a white feather comes floating down by my side. Probably from one of the resident pigeons.
As I don’t have the luxury of a garden, this tree makes me fell connected to the outdoors. Such an ancient tree, a tree that is itself home to many other creatures -- that feels different. It is as if it has adopted me and made me a part of its world, without ever asking for something in return. But if needs be, I know that it can count on me and I will protect it with all my strength.
56. The flat that author lives in is _________.
A. built in an ancient tree B. hugged by a giant tree
C. decorated with branches D. surrounded by a garden
57. In the author’s description, she implies that _________.
A. birds keep her warm company B. she has been living on tree products
C. moss makes her flat nice and cool D. she has been bothered by the insects
58. What does the author really treasure?
A. A close - to - nature life. B. A luxurious garden.
C. A spacious house. D. A sociable neighbor.
59. Which of the following can be used to express the author’s feeling?
A. Jealous. B. Inferior. C. Content. D. Passionate.
(B)
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The Sleep of Your Dreams |
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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a third of us don’t get nearly enough shut-eye. Our collective tiredness has promoted a $41 billion market for devices promising more -- and higher - quality -- sleep. In my everlasting search for downtime, I tested some of the most promising ones. Here’s how they stacked up. |
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Eight sleep tracker $299 This mattress（床垫）topper fits under a sheet and “turns any bed into a smart bed,” according to Eight. While I slept, the sensor - decorated pad gathered data like heart rate, periods of deepest sleep, and number of turns. It was easy to use, and I liked the warming feature, which let me set each side of the bed to a different temperature. REM Score :8 (out of 10) |
Dream-pad pillow $149 and up The Dream-pad uses smooth soundscapes to help you power down. Connect the device to your phone via Bluetooth or USB, and the pillow emits soft music, audible only to you as you lay your head down. There are ten tracks on offer. I didn’t drift off any faster with the Dream-pad, but it did help me fall back asleep when I woke up at night. REM Score: 6 |
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Smart Nora Wireless Snoring Solution $299 My eight-hour restful happiness is frequently interrupted by my husband’s snoring. The Smart Nora relieves me of the need to push him. When the bedside audio sensor detects a breathing disturbance, it slowly blows up the offender’s pillow, gently shifting them into a freer - breathing position. My husband sometimes woke up briefly but was soon asleep again. REM Score: 8 |
Nightingale Smart Home Sleep System $149 The Nightingale is hi - tech. Two app - enabled units wrap the room in a blanket of warm sound. You can also program the system to provide weather and traffic information when you wake up. The only downside: in standby mode, it emits a faint noise. REM Score: 9 |
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* REM: rapid eye movement (describes a period of sleep during which you dream and your eyes make small movements) |
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60. By “how they stacked up” in paragraph 1, the author probably means “how they _________.”
A. make sense to manufacturers B. get stuck in stores
C. are compared with each other D. are piled up together.
61. Which of the following devices favourably reacts to users?
A. Dream-pad pillow B. Eight sleep tracker
C. Smart Nora Wireless Snoring Solution D. Nightingale Smart Home Sleep System
62. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. The Eight keeps the entire bed at the same temperature.
B. The Nightingale is an economical but perfect device.
C. Soft music is applied to all these four devices.
D. One in three people suffer from sleep problem.
(C)
An epidemic is the occurrence of a disease which affects a very large number of people living in an area and which spreads quickly to other people. Like infectious diseases, ideas in the academic world are spreadable. But way some travel far and wide while equally good ones remain in relative insignificance has been a mystery. Now a team of computer scientists has used an epidemiological model to imitate how ideas move from one academic institution to another. The model showed that ideas originating at famous institutions caused bigger “epidemics” than equally good ideas from less well-known places, explains Allison Morgan, a computer scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder and lead author of the new study. “This implies that where an idea is born shapes how far it spreads, holding the quality of the idea constant.” says senior author Aaron Clauset, also at Boulder.
Not only is this unfair -- “it reveals a big weakness in how we’re doing science,” says Simon DeDeo, a professor of social and decision sciences at Carnegie Mellon University, who was not involved in the study. There are many highly trained people with good ideas who do not end up at top institutions. “They are producing good ideas, and we know those ideas are getting lost,” DeDeo says. “Our science, our scholarship, is not as good because of this.”
The Colorado researchers analyzed an existing data set of computer science department hires in North America, as well as a database of publications by these hires. First they looked at how five big ideas in computer science spread to new institutions. They found that hiring a new member accounted for this movement a little more than a third of the time -- and in 81 percent of those cases, transfers took place from higher- to lower-status universities. Then the team imitated the broadcasting of ideas using an infectious disease model and found that the size of an idea “epidemic” (as measured by the number of institutions that published studies on an idea after it originated) depended on the status of the originating institution. The findings were published online last October in EPJ Data Science.
The researchers’ model suggests that there “may be a number of quite good ideas that originate in the middle of the pack, in terms of universities,” Clauset says. DeDeo agrees. There is a lot of good work coming out of less famous places, he says: “You can learn a huge amount from it, and you can learn things that other people don’t know because they’re not even paying attention.”
63. The word “this” in paragraph 2 refers to the fact that _________.
A. the time when good ideas were born decides how far they may spread
B. the quality of the original ideas tends to be not easy to maintain
C. good ideas from less important institutions lack influence
D. scholars in insignificant institutions consider their ideas valueless
64. The case of some hires in paragraph 3 is used to indicate _________.
A. the statistics the epidemological model provides for the researchers
B. why the originating institutions transfer their new findings
C. how they carry the ideas from lower - to higher - status institutions
D. the way the movements of some new ideas happen and their effects
65. Researchers such as Clauset are very much concerned about _________.
A. losing quite a number of great and creative thoughts
B. missing the opportunities of getting more well-known
C. misusing the epidemiological model in scientific research areas
D. having difficulty in finding more proper science department hires
66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Infectious Diseases B. Original Ideas C. Idea Epidemic D. Epidemiological Model
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
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A. So we try to push back the tide and keep up by multi - tasking. B. No wonder people say they’re too busy to see friends, exercise or sleep. C. Would it surprise you to hear that we have more leisure time today than ever? D. How can we learn to spend time in a way that’s more likely to lead to happiness and success? E. It’s something that economist have been puzzling over and they’ve identified several reasons. F. Then you will have fewer empty experiences and far ore that are worthy of your precious time. |
The Fullness of Time
Most of us think we have very little time, but the truth is we actually have a lot - on average, five hours 49 minutes each day, which means we typically have somewhere between 36 and 40 hours available to be spent every week however we want. So why don’t we feel time - rich? ______67______
One is that we earn more, so time feels more expensive. Then there’s the way we’ve come to see busyness as a status symbol: important people are busy, so we want to be busy, too. Add to that the flood of incoming emails and texts, along with the endless ocean of possibilities, and it’s easy to see where time goes.
A second factor is the comparison we make between what we can do and what others are doing, making us anxious. _____68______ This fools us into thinking we’re being more productive with our work time, so we try to do it with our leisure time, too. When we’re playing with out kids, we check Facebook. When we’re hanging out with one group of friends, we post pictures to show another. This is something sociologists call ‘polluted time’.
We’re also addicted to our devices. In 2007, the amount of leisure time we spent on devices like smart-phones could be measured in minutes. Now, we spend on average 3.5 hours a day online. _____69_____
You might be wondering why you need help deciding how to spend your free time -- after all you know the sort of things you enjoy, so what could be so difficult? Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has a surprising opinion on it. “The popular assumption is that no skills are involved in enjoying free time, anybody can do it. Yet the evidence suggests the opposite; free time is more difficult to enjoy than work.” Worryingly, scientists have found that people are often no happier after a holiday than if they’d never taken one. _____70_____ The question still remains unsettled.
Ⅳ.Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Cryptocurrency（加密货币）
Making payments online is very easy these days if you have a credit card or a bank card that used a payment network. Sending money online to a friend, you have to use a payment service like Google Pay or PayPal, or make a bank transfer. However, there is usually a significant delay before the receiver can use the money, and transfers can have sizeable fees.
In 2008, a group of people published a paper describing a process that would use crypto-graph（密码学）to create a secure electronic cash system, known as a cryptocurrency. Person - to - person payments could be made online using a shared network of computers instead of a bank or other financial organization. Each transaction could happen very quickly. The shared network of computers would also serve as the means to confirm those transactions safely. Getting rid of the need for a centralized banking system would open up the possibility for anyone to become part of the digital economy.
Today, there are over a thousand different cryptocurrencies. Most are still trying to be valid global payment systems like Bitcoin. They are held back by problems affecting the entire cryptocurrency industry. One issue is weak security on cryptocurrency websites where users either store their electronic cash. The websites are struggling to protect their users from such thefts.
Another problem is the large number of false cryptocurrencies advertised on the Internet. The advertisements invite Internet users to visit websites offering new cryptocurrencies. Many visitors are persuaded to buy their cryptocurrencies using actual money. Later, the websites disappear along with the victims’ money. In response to this problem, companies like Facebook and Google are limiting cryptocurrency advertising on their websites.
Ⅴ. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 我真的应该为自己失礼的行为向你道歉。(owe)
73. 我表哥每天步行一小时去单位，不为省钱，为了保持健康。(but)
74. 医生建议不要口渴了才喝水，而且要多喝白开水，而不是果汁或可口可乐。(before)
75. 这家网站常年以爆料名人的隐私来满足大家的好奇心，真令人不齿！(It)
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假如你是李华，今年暑假在一家老年医疗中心当了一个星期的志愿者。请给你的朋友王平写一封信，与其分享本次经历。你的信必须包括：
你的所见所闻
你的感悟
（信的开头已经为你写好）
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