2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考秘籍 — 动词语态
【知识方法】
被动语态的基本结构及用法
被动语态的构成及方法
主动语态和被动语态的转换
动词的语态
各种时态的被动语态
知 识 清 单
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice）和被动语态（The Passive Voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，例如：
Many people speak English . (主动语态)
English is spoken by many people. (被动语态)
一、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式列表如下：
肯 定 句： 主语+ be+ 过去分词 +（by…） eg. He is often asked to do this work (by his boss).
否 定 句：主语+ be not +过去分词 +（by…） eg. I am not invited to the party (by him).
一般疑问句：Be + 主语+过去分词+ （by…）？ eg. Are your clothes washed by yourself?
特殊疑问句：疑问词+ be+主语 +过去分词+ （by…）？ eg. What is this sweater made of?
现以动词give为例，其被动语态的各种时态如下：
|
式 时 |
一 般 |
进 行 |
完 成 |
|
现在 |
Am / is /are + given |
Am/is/are +being + given |
Have / has +been +given |
|
过去 |
Was / were + given |
Was / were + being + given |
Had +been + given |
|
将来 |
Shall/ will + given |
Shall / will +be + given |
Should /would + be + given |
|
含情态词的 |
Can / may /must +be +given |
||
二、被动语态的用法。
1、当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者指需要强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。例如：
The cotton is grown in that farm.。
2、我们关心动作的承受者但也关心动作的执行者，要用被动语态。例如：
Nahan was written by Lu Xun.。
3、表示科学性及客观性，在新闻报道和科技文章中用得较多。例如：
Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.It was reported that the scientists were searching for new ways to solve the problems.常见的句型结构如下：It is （was）agreed（believed/decided/hoped/thought......）that......大家同意（相信、决定、希望、认为）......
It is（was） well known that......众所周知
It is（was ）taken for granted that......被视为当然
It must be remembered that......务必记住......
It mustn’t be forgotten that......千万别忘记......
It is（was） said（reported，heard，told，suggested）that......据说（报道、听说、告知、建议......）
三、主动形式表示被动意义
英语中有主动和被动之分，并都以特定的形式出现。然而并非所有的主动句式都表示主动意义，有些句子形式是主动的，而意义却是被动的。就其在英语中的具体运用，从以下几个方面加以归纳。
1、一些表示感觉、感官的连系动词如：feel，sound，taste，look等后面接形容词作表语，形式上是主动的， 意思上表示被动。例如：
The mixture tasted terrible.。
She sound nice. She has a beautiful voice.Your father looks very angry. What's the matter? 2、有少数及物动词（do, owe欠 ，cook, print, build）等，常用进行时态表示被动意思。例如：
The meat is cooking. 。
The book is printing.。
3、一些表达事物行为、方式的动词如：wash, sell, write, say, open等，习惯以主动形式表示被动的含义。因为这样使用更简洁，更符合英美人的习惯，尤其在口语中。例如：
The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.This kind of cloth washes very well。
The door opened and in came Mr. White.。
The book sells well.
4、表示“发生，进行”之类不及物动词如：happen，last，take place， break out，go on， go by， move on等，以主动式表示被动含义。例如：
You'd better wait and see what happens to him.Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor.
Will the weather last long?
But many months went by and no one visited the island.
5、有些“系动词+分词”的结构，意思上也接近被动结构。例如：
He got wounded in a battle.他在一次战斗中负伤。
Many countries became liberated in the following months.接下来的数月中，许多国家获得解放。
6、be + 副词或介词短语，如be on， be on show， be on sale， be in（out of） sight， be under discussion等，这类副词或介词短语往往具有动词含义，相当于被动语态表达的意义。例如：
Summer wear is on sale.（=Summer wear is being sold.）
The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.（=The film had been show when I got to the cinema.）The two canoes were almost out of sight.(=The two canoes could hardly been seen any more.)。
7、不定式作后置定语的结构。当作定语用的不定式除了被修饰的词有动宾关系外，还与句子的主语或宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式须用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
Is there anything to say?
We have a lot of things to do
注意：若不定式与句子主语或宾语不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，只与所修饰的词有动宾关系时，即只有动作的承受者，没有动作的执行者时，不定式应用被动式。例如：
He has something to be told to you.
Have you anything to be taken to him
8、be+形容词+不定式结构。此结构的不定式与主语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，因而不定式须用及物动词或相当与及物动词的短语动词。因而此结构的形容词大多数表示说话人对不定式动作的看法态度或感受等。如difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, fit,等或表示主语人或物所具有的特征，如 ：nice，light，strong，beautiful，heavy等。形式上是主动的，意思上却是被动的。例如：
This text is very difficult to understand. The water is not fit to drink.
The man is very easy to get along with. The room is comfortable to live in.
9、当表示“需要”含义的动词如：need, require, want等作谓语，其主语为物时，这类动词后面的动名词要用主动形式表示被动意思。例如：
The house needs cleaning.(or: The house needs to be cleaned.)
My hair requires cutting.(or: My hair requires to be cut.)
10、worth用作形容词时，作表语，后面一般接动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思。例如：
This book is well worth reading.
11、be+形容词结构。这类形容词如：invisible， forgettable，comfortable等具有动词含义的特点。因而常以主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
Names and addresses are forgettable.(=Names and addresses are forgotten easily.)
12、there be句型中修饰主语的不定式，可用主动式表示被动含义。例如：
There is nothing to do .(=I have nothing to do.) There are questions to solve.(= We have questions to solve.)
13、be +不定式结构。这类结构如be to blame， to be let， be to seek等，具有的特点是作表语的不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，因而以主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
The house is to let.此房子要出租。
I felt I was to blame.我觉得我应该受罚。
A better way is (yet) to seek.还得找一种更好的办法。
14、某些固定词组和句型，用主动形式却表示被动意义。如add up (to), take place; catch on ( a nail. etc.), turn out (to be), blow open, consist of, come out sth., remains to do sth. be to blame.等。例如：
His whole schooling added up to no more than a year.
Sorry, I can't go with you. Much work remains to do.
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
主语 谓语 宾语
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。
五．语态转换时要注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer. →A new computer has been bought.
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. →I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her.
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