2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考秘籍 — 动词时态
【知识方法】
一般现在时 ： 谓语动词用动词原形或第三人称单数形式
一般过去时：谓语动词用动词的过去式 的形式
一般将来时：谓语动词用will/be going to +动词的原形
动词的时态
现在进行时：谓语动词用am/is/are +动词原形的形式
过去进行时：谓语动词用was/were+动词的现在分词
现在完成时：谓语动词用have/has+动词的过去分词
知 识 清 单
动词的时态
动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
一般现在时
1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
|
一般情况 |
＋s |
|
以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾 |
＋es |
|
以辅音＋y结尾 |
去y变i＋es |
2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
|
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
|
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student. I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. |
I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. |
Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student? Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music? |
3）一般现在时态的用法：
现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如：
I get up at six every morning.
He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如：
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如：
The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
--- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work
【答案】B.
【解析】：电视虽然是前天买的， 但坏了是现在的状态， 应该用一般现在时态。
2．______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
【答案】C
【解析】：这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not …until（直到……才）句型。应选C。
3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
【答案】A
【解析】：“这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选A.
一般过去时
1）一般过去时的构成：
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
|
一般情况 |
+ed |
|
以e字母结尾的辅音 |
+d |
|
以辅音字母＋y结尾 |
去y变i＋ed |
|
重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 |
双写词尾字母+ed |
2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
|
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
|
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I was a student. We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. |
I was not a student. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music. Many people didn’t like music. |
Were you a student. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student?
Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music? |
3）一般过去时的用法：
过去发生的动作。例如：
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
过去存在的状态。例如：
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。
3.一般将来时
1.一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如tomorrow、tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening、next week month/year、soon、in a few days等连用。
Mr. Wu will teach us English this term
这学期将由吴老师教我们英语。
I will go to my hometown next week.下周我要回老家。
2.一般将来时有下面几种形式：
(1)助动词will+动词原形。
We won't leave before nine.9点之前我们不会走。
在疑问句中，当主语是第一人称I或we时，常用助动词shall .
What time shall we leave?我们什么时候出发？
What shall we do in our English class tomorrow ?
明天的英语课上我们干什么？
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生某事或打算、计划要做某事。
I'm going to do my homework this evening.
我打算今晚做我的家庭作业。
Who is going to speak first?谁先发言？
(3)come、go、start、leave等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。
I am going to Beijing this Sunday.
这周日我要去北京。
(4)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来要发生的事。
I'll give the note to him as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就把这张便条交给他。
四、现在进行时
1.现在进行时由“助动词am/is/are+现在分词”构成，表示现在正在进行的动作。其时间状语为now或现在的具体时刻，也可从上下文体现出来。
-What are you doing?
-I'm reading a book .
你在干什么？
——我正在看书。
He is watching TV now.现在他正在看电视。
2.“连系动词+介词/副词”也可表示正在进行的
动作。
He is at work.他正在工作
表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词，如hope smell、hear、see、like等一般不用进行时态。
五、过去进行时
过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成，表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行或发生的动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示外，一般用表示过去的时间状语来表示，常和at that time,at six yesterday,at that moment,this time yesterday等连用。
They were having a class this time yesterday.
昨天这个时候他们正在上课
六、现在完成时
一. 用法：
（1）动作发生在过去，强调对现在的影响。
与一般过去时的区别：
强调过去—一般过去式
强调对现在的影响---现在完成时。
试比较：
I have lost my new book.
I lost my new book yesterday.
My mother went to Shanghai.
Where is your mother? ---She has gone to Shanghai.
. I didn’t have breakfast.
I haven’t have breakfast yet.
（2）动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在有某种影响和结果。常被just、already、 yet 等副词修饰。如：
--Have you had lunch yet? --Yes, I have. I've just had it.
（3）现在完成时表示未完成。动作从过去延续到现在，还可能以后继续。通常和带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
He has been in the army for ten years.
I have studied English since 1980.
（4）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，表示次数：一次once; 二次: twice, 三次：three times…, ever, never等时间状语。
如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
I have been to Shanghai twice.
She has watched this film three times.
I have never seen more beautiful girl than she.
练 习
1. 我已经在深圳住了十年。
___________________________________
【答案】I have lived in Shenzhen for ten years
2. 我的叔叔自从1960年以来都在寻找他的女儿。
___________________________________
【答案】My uncle have been looking for his daughter since 1960
3. 我踢足球已经有两年了。
___________________________________
【答案】I have played football for two years
4. 我自从1996年就认识玛丽
__________________________________
【答案】I have known Mary since 1996
5. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
6. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
7. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
8. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
9. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
【答案】5. since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since
二. 构成：
(1) 肯定句： have / has done
(2) 否定句：...have/has not done
(3) 一般疑问句： Have/ Has ... done ....?
Yes, ... have/has. No, ...have/has not.
(4) 常用的时间状语有：
|
already |
“已经” |
肯定句的中间 |
|
never |
“从不” |
中间处 |
|
ever |
“曾经” |
疑问句和肯定句的中间处 |
|
just |
“刚刚” |
中间处 |
|
yet |
“已经” 、“还” |
疑问句、否定句的末尾处) |
或不加任何的时间状语，但不能和表示过去的时间状语连用.
A. already和yet区别:
I have already finished my homework.
already用在_______，位于_______。 “已经”
【答案】肯定句的中间、 助动词之后实义动词之前
Have you finished your homework yet?
yet用在_______和________中，位于_______。“仍然，还，已经”
【答案】 否定句和疑问句中 位于句末
B.for 与since区别: for +时间段 since+ 时间点
I have lived in Changchun __________ two years.
【答案】for
I have been here__________7 o'clock.
【答案】 since
用since和for填空
1. ______ two years 2._______ two years ago 3. _______ last month
4.______ 1999 5._______ yesterday 6. _______ 4 o’clock
7. ______ 4 hours 8._______ an hour 9. _______ we were children
【答案】 1.for 2.since 3.since 4.since 5.since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since
三. have been in, have been to 与 have gone to 的用法区别
（一）.have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如：
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
此外还有这些搭配： have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm
have been here (there) / abroad
（二）.have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用，例如：
I have just been to the post office.。
Mary has never been to the Great Wall.
Have you ever been to Hangzhou?
have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。例如：
I have been to Beijing three times.
They have been to that village several times.
（三）.have(has) gone to意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
例如：----Where is Tom? ----He has gone to the bookshop.
Jack Johnson has gone to London.
四.注意
现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。（就是说：有for或since 的句子里， 一定不能是非延续性代词，必须是延续性动词）。例如：
borrow → keep, buy → have, begin/start → be on, die → be dead, join → be in/be a member of-，come/arrive → be here/in, come/get back → be back, go/leave → be away(from), marry → be married(to）
练 习
1) The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
2) I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
3) He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
4)He came back two years ago.
He _________ ________ _________ for __________ __________.
【答案】1.has been on;two minutes 2 .have had,two hours 3.has been away from 4.has been here；two years
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