2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考秘籍 — 冠词
【分析解读】
分析解读冠词的基本用法、具体语境中的活用以及习语和固定搭配中冠词的使用一直是考查的重点。试题的语境设计更趋于真实,有一定的创新性及时代感。另外,冠词与名词常常会结合在一起考查。
备考时,考生除了记一些规律性的知识,更应重视冠词的特殊用法以及在具体语境中的活用,比如:可将常见的可以具体化的象名词进行归类。
【知识方法】
用于可数名词前,表示数量
用于序数词前
不定冠词的用法
用于固定搭配
the表示特指
定冠词的用法 the表示“独一无二”
The+序数词
The+形容词最高级
冠词 the+年份的复数 表示年代
其他用法 西洋乐器 前加the
由普通名词构成的专有名词前
“the+形容词表示一类人”
固定搭配中的定冠词
知 识 清 单
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the)
考点一 不定代词
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
1.不定冠词a,an的基本用法
词前
用法 |
示例 |
在叙述时用于第一次提到的人或物前 |
This is a book |
指人或事物的某一类别,以区别 于其他种类 |
A plane is a machine that can fly. |
泛指某人或某物 |
A young man is waiting for you. |
用在某些物质名词或抽象名词 前,表示“一阵、一份、一类、一 场”等 |
There' ll be a strong wind in South China.
|
用于可视为一个整体的两个名词前 |
a knife and fork |
“a+序数词”表示“又一,再一” |
The cake is delicious and I would like a second one. |
用于表明比率、速度、价格等,有 “每一”的意思,相当于every |
five lessons a week
|
2. 不定冠词a,an的区别
a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前 |
a teacher,a good student |
an用在以元音音素开头的单 词前 |
an apple tree,an interesting story |
注意:
①判断一个词前是用a还是an,是根据其读音,而不是根据其字母。
②在26个字母中,前面用an的字母有:a,e,f,h,i,l m,n,o,r,s,x,其他用a。
③要注意区别以“u”开头的单词:当“u”发/^/
音时,单词前面用an,如 an umbrella,an unhappy boy,当“u”发/ju:/音时,单词前用a,如a university,a useful tool。
3.含有a的常见固定词组
a few/little/bit一点儿,have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/rest游泳/散步/谈话/看一看/跳舞/喝点东西/休息,have a cold感冒,have a good time玩得高兴,in a hurry匆忙,for a while一会儿,keep a diary记日记,do sb.a favor 帮助某人
题组训练 单项选择
①Last Sunday, my parents took me to the zoo. In the zoo we saw____ elephant. ______elephant was from Africa.
A.a;The B.the;An
C.an;The D.the;A
2__________ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
A.A B.An C.The
3-Excuse me, John. What's that in English?
-It's _________eraser.
A a B.an
C.the D./
4 We can have_____________ bluer sky if we create less polluted world.
A.a;a
B.a;the
C.the;a
D.the;the
点津
不定冠词a,an通常表示“一个,一种……”,般泛指任意一个。在大多数情况下,我们通过准确翻译句意来确定是泛指还是特指,从而作出准确判断。第一题第一空所在句就可以翻译为“在动物园我们看见一头大象”,第二题翻译为“每天一个苹果……”,第三题翻译为“……这是一块儿橡皮”,第四题翻译为“我们会有一个更蓝的天空……”,以上四个题可以说明翻译为“一”时,就使用不定冠词a/an。
考点二 定冠词与零冠词
一、定冠词的用法
1.定冠词the的基本用法
用法 |
示例 |
用于双方都知道的人或事物前 |
Give me the book,please. |
特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物 |
Do you know the girl The moon moves around |
表示世界上独一无二的事物 |
the earth. |
用在序数词、形容词最高级前面以及对两个人或事物进行比较 时起特指作用的比较级前 |
The first lesson is very easy He is the younger of the two boys. |
用在姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻俩 |
The Greens are watching TV now. |
用在单数可数名词前表一类人或事物 |
The orange is orange. |
与某些形容词连用表一类人 |
We should help the old . |
用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙 漠等专有名词前,或由普通名词 构成的专有名词之前 |
The Summer Palace The Great Wall, |
用在表示方位或西洋乐器名称的名词之前 |
I like playing the piano. |
记忆口诀:特指双熟悉,上文已提及,世上独无二,数最高级,普通专有名,习语及乐器。
2.用于某些固定短语中
①“in+the+年份的复数”表示在某年代
in the 1870s在19世纪70年代
2“hit+人+介词+the+部位”表示“打某人某部位”
hit him on the head 打他的头
③其他固定短语
in the morning/ afternoon/evening 在早晨/下午/晚上;
in the daytime在白天
in the end最后;
all the time一直;
at the same time同时;
by the way顺便说一下;
in the open air在户外;
at the age of在……岁时;
at the beginning of在……开始时;
on the other side of在……的另一边;
in the middle of在……中间;
at the moment现在
二、零冠词的用法
1.在一般的物质名词、抽象名词或复数名词表示“笼统概念”时,一般不用定冠词;容易用错的这类零冠词名词有:
fun,music,nature,poverty,progress,society,weather;
有些名词不能与a(an)一起使用,但在特指时可以根据情况与the一起使用。这类名词有:
advice,beauty, experience,homework,housework,work,information,new,practice,room(空间),research。
例如:He is fond of music.(一般)他喜欢音乐。
Do you like the music of the film?(特指)你喜欢这部电影的音乐吗?
3. 学科、球类运动、棋类、或游戏名词前不用冠词。
例如:play football/basketball/tennis/chess/bridge..
Are you going to play basketball or football?
你们是打篮球还是踢足球?
3.季节、月份、星期几、节日前一般不加冠词,但季节、月份等词前后,如有限制性定语修饰表示特定时间,其前加定冠词;如:
Trees turn green in spring.春天树变绿了。
We often go skating in the winter.
我们经常在冬季滑冰。(说话人把季节看成一年的某一部分。)
New year's Day 新年;
National Day 国庆节;
May Day 五一节
We had a terrible hot summer this year.
今年我们过了一个炎热的夏天。(季节名词前有描绘性形容词修饰时,也可加不定冠词。)
4.一日三餐前,一般不加冠词。但如其前后有形容词或从句、短语等修饰时,应加冠词。如:
We had a good dinner at Mr.Zhangs yesterday evening. 昨天晚上我们在张先生家吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。
How did you like the dinner Mr..Jack gave us?你认为杰克先生给我们吃的晚餐怎么样?
5.可数名词前已有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格及a kind of, a sort of, a type of, a piece of等修饰时不用冠词。
Give me that pencil, please.请给我那支铅笔。
This is my book.这是我的书。
I can never get used to this kind of life.我永远习惯不了这种生活。
6 ,名词作句中的表语、同位语或补足语时,表示独一无二的头衔、职位、职业等不用冠词。例如:
1860, Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States.
1860年亚伯拉罕林肯当选为美国总统。
We all elect Engineer Wang director of our factory.
我们都选王工程师为我们工厂的厂长。
He is head of the English Department.
他是英语系主任。
7.描述交通方式时,不用冠词。如:by train(air, bus, boat, sea, bike)
例如:
My house is about twenty minutes by bike.
骑自行车到我家大概得20分钟。
I'm going to Guangzhou by plane.
我将乘飞机去广州。
8. 在部分习语中
day and night日日夜夜;
face to face面对面;
side by side肩并肩
;step by step一步一步地;
watch TV看电视;
at school/work/home在学校/在工作/在家;
at first/last首先/最后;
in trouble在困境中;
in danger在危险中;
on foot步行;
on duty/watch值日/值班;
on time准时;
in time及时;
in bed 卧病在床;
go to school/work去上学/去工作;
by bus/plane/ship乘公共汽车/飞机/轮船;
at noon/night/dawn在中午/晚上/黎明
catch fire,
give way,
take place,
lose heat,
at home,
by chance,
in/on time,
catch sight of,
make use of,
take part in,
catch hold of,
on foot.
考点三、 专有名词前冠词的用法
专有名词本身已具有确定特指的含义,所以一般它前面不用冠词。但是,有些专有名词本身是由普通名词构成,或本身就是个带定冠词的名词词组。冠词与专有名词的搭配可分为三种情况:不用冠词、用定冠词、用不定冠词。
1、人名前冠词的用法。
1)人名前一般不用冠词。例如:
Engels恩格斯Karl Marx卡尔·马克思,Mao Zedong毛泽东,Tom汤姆,Alice爱丽斯
2)在有一限制性定语修饰的人名前,一般要用定冠词。例如:
The girl must be the Miss Green you have referred to in your letter.这姑娘肯定是你信中所提到的格林小姐。
3)若表示与某个专有名词相仿的某人,则用不定冠词。这种情况也适用于与某地、某事相仿的情况。例如:
The little boy was moved deeply at the story of Laining and wished to be a Laining .这小男孩深深被赖宁的事迹打动,他希望成为赖宁式人物。
Old China is gone, a new China has been founded.旧中国一去不复返了,一个新中国诞生了。
4)若表示有一位姓某某的先生,而该人对于说话者又是陌生的,在该姓氏名词前也可用不定冠词。例如:
Peter, a Mr. Brown is asking for you.彼得,一位布朗先生找你。
A Miss Zhao had called you in the morning, Mum.妈妈,一位赵小姐早上给你打电话。
5)在姓氏复数名词前,表示夫妇或一家人时, 要用冠词。例如:
The Whites live in a small town near New York怀特一家住在纽约附近的一个小镇上。.
2、地名前冠词的用法
1)一般的地理名称前不加冠词。例如:
China中国, Asia亚洲, Shanghai上海, Hong Kong香港, New York.纽约
但是若在普通名词构成的国名前,则要加定冠词。例如:
the People's Republic of China, 中华人民共和国,the United States of American美利坚和众国 the United Kingdom联合王国
2)江、河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海湾、海峡等名称前,一般要加定冠词。例如:
the Yellow River黄河, the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河,the Alps阿尔卑斯山, the Tianshan Mountains天山 The English Channel英吉利海峡,the Taiwan Straits台湾海峡
3)街名、广场名词前一般不加冠词 。例如:
Wall Street 华尔街,Nanjing Road 南京路,Tian An Men Square天安门广场, Chang'an Street.长安街
3、月份、星期名称前一般不加冠词。例如:
Today is Thursday, September 10th, Teachers Day.今天是星期四,九月十日,教师节。
若这些名词前有一个限制性定语修饰时则,应加定冠词。例如:
The October of 1949 saw the great thing happen in China.1949年10月在中国发生了巨大的事件。
同时,若表示是在许多星期中的“某一个”时,这个名词前加不定冠词。例如:
I do not remember the exact date when I came to Beijing, but I am sure it was a Monday.我不记得来到北京的确切日子,但我确定是一个星期一。
4、节日、假日等名称前,一般不加冠词。例如:
New Year's Day 新年,National Day 国庆节,May Day 五一节,Children's Day儿童节
5、在朝代、时代及报刊、会议等名词前,加定冠词。例如:
the Tang Dynasty清朝, the Warring States Period 战国时期,the People's Daily人民日报 ,the 27the Olympic Games.第二十七届奥运会
6、某些建筑物、旅馆、文娱场所以及飞机号、船舶号等名词前,常带定冠词。例如:
the Summer Palace 颐和园,the Beijing Zoo北京动物园, the Titanic泰坦尼克号
例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!
1. _______ milk is food. ________ milk in this cup has gone bad.
2. ---Do you like playing _________ football?
---Yes. But I have only _________ basketball.
3. Do you know _______girl on ________another side of ________ lake?
4. There’s ________ “u” and ________ “s” in ________work “use”.
5. She says ________animals cant’s live without __________air, either.
6. His father, who is ________honest man, is teaching in ________ university.
7. Which is heavier, ________elephant or ________ horse?
8. ________ cold wind was blowing from the north.
9. He is always ready to help _________ old and ________ young.
10. ________ Greens are traveling in _________ South China.
11. Although ________ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink ________most are _______ least healthy.
12.Xiaomei saw _________ interesting film last night. ________ film was about _________ kind doctor.
13. You can have _________ second try if you fail _______ first time.
14. Tom went to _________ school as usual, but he didn’t know his father went to ________school for a parent meeting.
15. ________ knowledge begins with _________ practice.
【答案与解析】1./, the (milk 是物质名词,一般不用冠词, 但后面加上一个定语in the cup 后,使其成为特指,所以需要用定冠词the.)
2. / , the (球类运动前不用the ; 指一个物体要用不定冠词a )
3. the,/, the ( 特指这个女孩用the;名词前已有定语another;)
4. a, an, the (“u” 发音以辅音开头所以用a;“s” 发音以元音开头所以用an; 特指这个单词用the)
5. /,/ (泛指动物所以不用任何冠词; air 不可数名词,其前一般不用冠词)
6. an, the ( honest 发音以元音开头,故用an, 在大学里为in the university)
7. an, a 或the ,the ( 不定冠词a , an 和 定冠词the与名词单数连用表示种类)
8. a (物质名词coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind等,在表示 “一种”或 “一场”的意义时,前面要加不定冠词。
9. the, the ( 形容词前加定冠词,表示一类人)
10. The ,/ ( 姓氏的复数前加定冠词the 表示一家人;在华南是in South China)
11. /, the, the ( most当大多数讲时前面不用the;后两空均为形容词的最高级,前面要加the)
12. a, the, a ( 第一空和第三空都指一个事物,第二空是特指前面提到的电影)
13. a, the (a second try 指的是第二次)
14./, the (go to school 去上学, go to the school 去那所学校)
15./,/ (具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前,一般不用冠词)
练习与巩固:熟能生巧,取得好成绩!
一、在空白处填入a / an 或the。
1. ---Mum, what shall we have for _______dinner?
---Dumplings.
---Oh, what _______ wonderful dinner! I enjoy it very much.
2. _________ PLA was founded on __________August 1st,1927
3. _______ Kings came to us at _________ noon.
4. The scientists from ________ United States live in __________ Ninth Street.
5. The doctor to him, “Take ________ medicine twice ________day. Stay in _________ bed and you’ll be better soon.”
6. September 10th is ____________ Teachers’ Day.
7. Mr Black arrived here on __________ Tuesday morning.
8. There are four seasons in _______year. ________ first season is spring. It is __________ best one of __________ four.
9. Some people have been to _________moon, in _______ spaceship.
10. _______ China is _________ old country with _________ long history
答案
1. /, a 2. the, / 3.the , / 4. the, the 5. the, a, / 6. / 7. / 8. a, the ,the , the 9.the, / 10../,an,/ a
二、选择填空: A. / B. a C. an D. the
They are living ______happy life now.
______bag on ______desk is mine.
There is ______empty box on the table.
Do you like ______music of the film “Titanic”?
On ______Saturday, I stay in ______bed till 12:00.
______Browns have been to China twice.
Don’t make any noise in ______class.
This is such ______interesting story that you must listen to it.
Next week they will go to Australia by ______air.
Which is bigger, ______sun or ______moon?
Key: 1----5 BDCDA 6----10 DACAD
三、在空白处填入a / an或the。
1. This morning I bought _____ newspaper and _____ magazine. _______ newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where I put ______ magazine.
2. I saw ______ accident this morning. ______ car crashed into ______ tree. ______ driver of ______ car wasn’t hurt but ______ car was badly damaged.
3. There are two cars parked outside: ______ blue one and _______ grey one. _______ blue one is my neighbour’s; I don’t know who ______ owner of _______ grey one is.
4. My friends live in _______ old house in _______ small village. There is _______ beautiful garden behind _______ house. I would like to have ______ garden like that.
1.a ,a, The the 2.an, a, a, The ,the, the 3. A, a, the the, the 4. an, a, a, the, a
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