2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考秘籍 — 代词
【分析解读】
分析解读代词是中考必考的知识点之一,重点考查人称代词、物主代词和不定代词的用法,而且常设置情景干扰。
考生在备考时要注意总结归纳易混代词的区别,把握代词在特殊语境中的意义和功能,理清思路,明确各替代词所指代的事物要学会寻找有效的切入点,准确排除错误选项。
【知识方法】
主格
人称代词
宾格
形容词性物主代词
物主代词
名词性物主代词
第一人称反身代词
代词的分类 反身代词 第二人称反身代词
第三人称反身代词
指示代词 (this that these those)
普通不定代词
不定代词
复合不定代词
疑问代词(who whom those what which)
关系代词(who whose whom that which )
相互代词(each other one another )
代词It的特殊用法
知 识 清 单
考点一 人称代词
知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!
代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。
代词的用法
人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表示“我” “你” “他” “我们” “你们” “他们”。请看下表:
数 格
人 称 |
单 数 |
复 数 |
||
主 格 |
宾 格 |
主 格 |
宾 格 |
|
第一人称 |
we |
me |
we |
us |
第二人称
|
you
|
you |
you |
you |
第三人称 |
he |
him |
they |
them |
人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:
She is my English teacher.
宾格在句中作宾语。例如:
They don’t want me to go there alone.
Don’t worry. I can look after her.
宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。
例如:--- Who’s that? --- It’s me.
注意:①人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如:
You cannot go into the hall with slippers.
不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。
②人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中, 表示强调。例如:
It was he who took away the necklace.
是他拿走了那条项链。
③人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如:
The ship is leaving. She’s on her first trip to Boston.
轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。
④It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如:
It is about 10 kilometers from here.
离这儿大约有10公里。
⑤It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语, 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:
It is not easy to learn English well.
It is good for you taking a walk after supper.
I found it difficult to sleep.
⑥英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同, I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。 例如:
You, he and I are all the winners.
I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
考点二:物主代词
物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。
词 义 类 型 |
我的 |
你的 |
他的 |
她的 |
它的 |
我们的 |
你们的 |
他/她/它们的 |
形容词性物主代词 |
my |
your |
his |
her |
its |
our |
your |
their |
名 词性物主代词 |
mine |
yours |
his |
hers |
its |
ours |
yours |
theirs |
(1)形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语, 后面跟名词。例如:
To our surprise, he has passed the exam.
(2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如:
May I use your bike? Mine is at school. (作主语)
Whose glasses are these? They are hers. ( 作表语)
My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作宾语)
(3)名词性物主代词可以与of 连用,相当于”of+名词所有格”表示部分概念或带有一定的感情色彩 例如:
A friend of ours are waiting for us.
He is a friend of mine
考点三:反身代词
反身代词:用来表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示:
词 义 数 |
我(们)自己 |
你(们)自己 |
他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己 |
||
单 数 |
myself |
yourself |
himself |
herself |
itself |
复 数 |
ourselves |
yourselves |
themselves |
(1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如:
Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语)
He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语)
You’d better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)
反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:
teach oneself 自学
learn by oneself 自学
enjoy oneself过得愉快;玩得高兴
help oneself to 随便吃/用
come to oneself 苏醒
hurt oneself 受伤
by oneself 独自
考点四 不定代词
初中阶段常用的普通不定代词,表格如下:
some;any
|
few;little
|
none; one; other
|
many;much
|
either;neither
|
|
each |
both;all |
2.普通不定代词的用法
(1)some与any
some和any均表示“一些”,既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词;some一般用于肯定句中,any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中。但在疑问句中,当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用some。如:
There aren't any students in the classroom.
Look! Some boys are playing football.
-Would you like some coffee?
-Yes, please.
(2)many与much
many修饰可数名词复数,还可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how连用。much修饰不可数名词,也可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how连用。如:
How many bottles of water do you need?
He never eats so much breakfast.
(3)either与neither
either 指两个之中的一个,neither指两个人或物中一个也不,常构成固定结构either/neither of+名词(或代词)的复数+谓语动词;当either...or...和neither...nor...连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如:
Neither of the books is good.
Neither you nor he is wrong.
(4)both与all
both表示“两者都”,常与and连用;all指“三者或三者以上都”,常与of连用。如:
Both she and I are students.
Both plans are good.
Jim, Lucy and Lily all agree to stay here.
(5)each与every(限定词)
each和every都表示“每一”。each强调个体,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;every强调整体情况,修饰名词时谓语动词也要用单数形式。另外,each指两个或两个以上的人或事物,而every指三个或三个以上的人或事物。如:
There are trees on each side of the road.
Every student in Class 5 passed the exam.
Each of us wears a yellow T-shirt.
We each wear a yellow T-shirt.
区别other;the other;others;the others;another
不定代词 |
意义 |
用法说明 |
other
|
另外的
|
只作定语,常与复数名词连用;但如果前面有the,some,any,each,every,no,my,your,his等,则可与单数名词连用 |
the other |
两者中的另一个 |
常与one连用,构成“one...,the other…”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示“其余的全部” |
others |
另一些 |
泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,可以构成some...others... |
the others |
其余的 |
特指其余所有的人或物 |
another |
另一个 |
指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作限定词或代词 |
3.复合不定代词
(1)初中阶段常用的复合不定代词,列表如下:
Somebody (某人) |
anybody (任何人) |
nobody (没有人) |
everybody (每个人) |
someone (某人) |
anyone (任何人) |
no one (没有人) |
Everyone (每个人) |
something (某事) |
anything (任何事) |
nothing (没有东西) |
everything (每一件事) |
如:
Do you have anything special to tell me today?
今天你有什么特别的事告诉我吗?
Listen to me , boys and girls . I have something to tell you .
同学们,听我说,我有一些事情要告诉你们。
(2)当句子陈述部分的主语是指人的复合不定代词,如everybody, nobody, anyone等时,其反意疑问部分的主语通常用代词they;当句子陈述部分的主语是指物的复合不定代词,如every-thing, anything, something, nothing等时,其反意疑问部分的主语通常用代词it。如:
Everybody is here, aren't they?
Everything is ready, isn't it?
(3)当形容词或else修饰复合不定代词 something,
everything,everyone等时,形容词或else必须放在这些词的后面。如:
Xiaoming, he has something important to tell you.
小明,他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。
Can you find anyone else?
你能再找其他人吗?
everyone的意思等同于everybody,只能指人;every one既可指人也可指物,还可以和of短语连用。
如:I'd like everyone to be happy.
我希望人人都幸福。
I have kept every one of her letters.
我把她的每一封信都保存了下来。
考点五 指示代词和it的用法
指示代词:表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表
这,这个
|
那,那个 |
这些 |
那些 |
This
|
that |
these |
those |
指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:
Those are my parents. ( 作主语)
Throw it like that. (作表语)
The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)
These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)
注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西, 常用that, those 表示。 例如:
I’m sorry to hear that.
( 2 )下文将要提到的事情, 可用these, this 表示, 起启下的作用。 例如:
Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.
(3)this/these
①近指。如:
This is my pen.
These are my books.
②指下文要提到的事。如:
Please remember this: No pain, no gain.
(2)that/those
①远指。如:
That's her bike.
②指前面刚刚提到过的事。如:
He was ill . That was why he didn't go to school .
3.打电话时用this介绍自己,that询问对方。如:
This is Mike speaking.
我是迈克。
Who's that ?
你是谁?
4.代词it
(1)指代前面提到过的事物。如:
The book on the desk is not mine. It is Jim's.
(2)代替指示代词this或that。如:
——What's that?
——It is a pencil
(3)指代婴儿或不明身份的人。如:
Someone is knocking at the door.Please go and see who it is.
(4)指代时间或季节。如:
——What's the time now?
- It's ten o'clock .
(5)指代天气。如:
——What's the weather like today?
——It's sunny .
(6)指代距离。如:
How far is it from your school to your home?
5.it,one,that作替代词时的区别
(1)it特指上文提到的同一事物。如:
The book is mine. It's very interesting.
这本书是我的,它很有趣。
(2)one泛指上文提及的同类事物中的一个,同类而不物。如:
——Who has a pen?谁有钢笔?
—I have one.我有一支。
(3)that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以重复。如:
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter
冬天北京的天气比广州的天气冷。
考点六:疑问代词
疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
作主语: What make you so happy?
作宾语: Who / Whom is your manager talking with?
在口语中, 作宾语时 who和whom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:
About whom they are talking just now?
作定语: Which subject do you like best?
作表语: What’s your mother.
考点七:相互代词
相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如:
We should help each other.
The villagers have looked after one another these year.
相互代词后可以加’s,表示所有关系。 例如:
We put the presents in each other’s stocking.
题组训练代词填空
1__________of us went to see the film because we had money to buy tickets yesterday.
2.Tom and his father are__________ at work now.
3.__________if them is right
4 He is taller than__________ __________
5.Some students like pop music while __________don't in their school.
6.I want some __________books besides this dictionary.
7.___________(我们)love our country.
8.—Who is it?
—It's__________(我).
9.—This is my dictionary.Where is_____(你的)?
——It's over there , on the bed .
10.The little boy is too young to look after__________ (他自己).
11.__________(谁)are you talking to?
12.__________(谁的)book is this?
13-Would you__________like some apples ?
-Yes,please.
14.There are too __________(很多) mistakes in your exercises.
15.Either you or___________(我)am going to America.
16Is there__________ in the cup?杯子里有东西吗?
——No,there is __________(什么都没有)
【答案】
1.All 2.both 3.Neither 4.any other 5.others 6.other
7.We 8.me 9.yours 10 himself 11 Who/Whom 12.Whose13.some 14.many 15.I 16.anything;nothing
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