知 识 清 单
动词的时态
动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
1．一般现在时
1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
|
一般情况 |
＋s |
|
以s, x, ch, sh 或 o结尾 |
＋es |
|
以辅音＋y结尾 |
去y变i＋es |
2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
|
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
|
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student. I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. |
I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. |
Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student? Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music? |
3）一般现在时态的用法：
现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如：
I get up at six every morning.
He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如：
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如：
The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. --- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work
【答案】B.
【解析】：电视虽然是前天买的， 但坏了是现在的状态， 应该用一般现在时态。
2．______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
【答案】C
【解析】：这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not …until（直到……才）句型。应选C。
3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
【答案】A
【解析】：“这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选A.
2．一般过去时
1）一般过去时的构成：
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
|
一般情况 |
+ed |
|
以e字母结尾的辅音 |
+d |
|
以辅音字母＋y结尾 |
去y变i＋ed |
|
重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母 |
双写词尾字母+ed |
2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
|
主 语 |
肯 定 式 |
否 定 式 |
疑 问 式 |
|
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 |
I was a student. We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. |
I was not a student. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music. Many people didn’t like music. |
Were you a student. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student?
Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music? |
3）一般过去时的用法：
1． 过去发生的动作。例如：
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
2． 过去存在的状态。例如：
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。
3.一般将来时
1.一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如tomorrow、tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening、next week month/year、soon、in a few days等连用。
Mr. Wu will teach us English this term
这学期将由吴老师教我们英语。
I will go to my hometown next week.下周我要回老家。
2.一般将来时有下面几种形式：
(1)助动词will+动词原形。
We won't leave before nine.9点之前我们不会走。
在疑问句中，当主语是第一人称I或we时，常用助动词shall .
What time shall we leave?我们什么时候出发？
What shall we do in our English class tomorrow ?
明天的英语课上我们干什么？
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生某事或打算、计划要做某事。
I'm going to do my homework this evening.
我打算今晚做我的家庭作业。
Who is going to speak first?谁先发言？
(3)come、go、start、leave等动词常用进行时态表示按计划将要发生的事。
I am going to Beijing this Sunday.
这周日我要去北京。
(4)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来要发生的事。
I'll give the note to him as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就把这张便条交给他。
四、现在进行时
1.现在进行时由“助动词am/is/are+现在分词”构成，表示现在正在进行的动作。其时间状语为now或现在的具体时刻，也可从上下文体现出来。
-What are you doing?
-I'm reading a book .
你在干什么？
——我正在看书。
He is watching TV now.现在他正在看电视。
2.“连系动词+介词/副词”也可表示正在进行的
动作。
He is at work.他正在工作
3． 表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词，如hope smell、hear、see、like等一般不用进行时态。
五、过去进行时
过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成，表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行或发生的动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示外，一般用表示过去的时间状语来表示，常和at that time,at six yesterday,at that moment,this time yesterday等连用。
They were having a class this time yesterday.
昨天这个时候他们正在上课
六、现在完成时
一. 用法：
（1）动作发生在过去，强调对现在的影响。
与一般过去时的区别：
强调过去—一般过去式
强调对现在的影响---现在完成时。
试比较：
I have lost my new book.
I lost my new book yesterday.
My mother went to Shanghai.
Where is your mother? ---She has gone to Shanghai.
. I didn’t have breakfast.
I haven’t have breakfast yet.
（2）动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在有某种影响和结果。常被just、already、 yet 等副词修饰。如：
--Have you had lunch yet? --Yes, I have. I've just had it.
（3）现在完成时表示未完成。动作从过去延续到现在，还可能以后继续。通常和带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
He has been in the army for ten years.
I have studied English since 1980.
（4）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，表示次数：一次once; 二次: twice, 三次：three times…, ever, never等时间状语。
如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
I have been to Shanghai twice.
She has watched this film three times.
I have never seen more beautiful girl than she.
练 习
1. 我已经在深圳住了十年。
___________________________________
【答案】I have lived in Shenzhen for ten years
2. 我的叔叔自从1960年以来都在寻找他的女儿。
___________________________________
【答案】My uncle have been looking for his daughter since 1960
3. 我踢足球已经有两年了。
___________________________________
【答案】I have played football for two years
4. 我自从1996年就认识玛丽
__________________________________
【答案】I have known Mary since 1996
5. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
6. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
7. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
8. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
9. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
【答案】5. since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since
二. 构成：
(1) 肯定句： have / has done
(2) 否定句：...have/has not done
(3) 一般疑问句： Have/ Has ... done ....?
Yes, ... have/has. No, ...have/has not.
(4) 常用的时间状语有：
|
already |
“已经” |
肯定句的中间 |
|
never |
“从不” |
中间处 |
|
ever |
“曾经” |
疑问句和肯定句的中间处 |
|
just |
“刚刚” |
中间处 |
|
yet |
“已经” 、“还” |
疑问句、否定句的末尾处) |
或不加任何的时间状语，但不能和表示过去的时间状语连用.
A. already和yet区别:
I have already finished my homework.
already用在_______，位于_______。 “已经”
【答案】肯定句的中间、 助动词之后实义动词之前
Have you finished your homework yet?
yet用在_______和________中，位于_______。“仍然，还，已经”
【答案】 否定句和疑问句中 位于句末
B.for 与since区别: for +时间段 since+ 时间点
I have lived in Changchun __________ two years.
【答案】for
I have been here__________7 o'clock.
【答案】 since
用since和for填空
1. ______ two years 2._______ two years ago 3. _______ last month
4.______ 1999 5._______ yesterday 6. _______ 4 o’clock
7. ______ 4 hours 8._______ an hour 9. _______ we were children
【答案】 1.for 2.since 3.since 4.since 5.since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since
三. have been in, have been to 与 have gone to 的用法区别
（一）.have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如：
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
此外还有这些搭配： have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm
have been here (there) / abroad
（二）.have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用，例如：
I have just been to the post office.。
Mary has never been to the Great Wall.
Have you ever been to Hangzhou?
have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。例如：
I have been to Beijing three times.
They have been to that village several times.
（三）.have(has) gone to意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
例如：----Where is Tom? ----He has gone to the bookshop.
Jack Johnson has gone to London.
四.注意
现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。（就是说：有for或since 的句子里， 一定不能是非延续性代词，必须是延续性动词）。例如：
borrow → keep, buy → have, begin/start → be on, die → be dead, join → be in/be a member of-，come/arrive → be here/in, come/get back → be back, go/leave → be away(from), marry → be married(to）
练 习
1) The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
2) I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
3) He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
4)He came back two years ago.
He _________ ________ _________ for __________ __________.
【答案】1.has been on;two minutes 2 .have had,two hours 3.has been away from 4.has been here；two years
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