知 识 清 单
动 词 不 定 式
不定式：to + 动词原形
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍可保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如：to read the newspaper, to speak at the meeting 等
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语：
|
句法作用 |
例 句 |
|
作宾语 |
She wanted to borrowed my radio. They began to read and write. |
|
作状语 |
She went to see her grandma last Sunday . He came to give us a talk yesterday. |
|
作宾语补足语 |
Lucy asked him to turn off the radio. She asked me to speak more loudly Jim told Ling Feng to go home at once . The father made his son study hard. |
|
作定语 |
Have you got anything to say? I had something to eat this morning . |
|
作主语 |
To learn a foreign language is not easy. |
注：作主语用的动词不定式常常为it替代，动词不定式（或短语）放在后面。例如：
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
It took us three days to do the work.
动词不定式的否定形式由“not+动词不定式”构成. 如:
Tell him not to be late.
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
4) 不定式省去to的情况: 在感官动词see，watch，look at，hear， listen to，feel和使役动词make，have，let等所接的宾语中（不定式做宾语不足语），不定式应省去to。但是在被动语态中不能省。如：
Let me listen to you sing the song.
He watched his son play computer games.
I saw him run away.------He was seen to run away.
The boss make the workers work the whole night.----The workers were made to work the whole night.
5) 动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what ,which, how, where, when 等连用，构成不定式短语。如：
The question is when to start.
I don’t know where to go .
He showed me how to use a computer.
What to do is a big problem.
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
翻译下列句子，说出句中不定式的作用：
1. To grow plants is very important.
2. It is so nice to hear your voice.
3. My dream is to be a pilot.
4. He began to read and write at the age of five.
5. The teacher asked me to speak more loudly.
6. Tom came to see me last night.
7. I am glad to see you.
8.Have you got anything to say?
9.There are many places to see in China.
10.I asked him not to open the window.
11. I don’t know what to buy for you.
12. I saw him dance.
13. He often helps me clean the room.
14. They are too shy to speak English.
15. He was lucky enough to find his watch.
16. I want you to go there together with me.
解析：1、To grow plants做主语；
2、to hear your voice做主语；
3、to be a pilot作表语；
4、to read and write作宾语；、
5、to speak more loudly作宾语补足语；
6、to see me作状语；
7、to see you作状语；
8、to say作定语；
9、to see作定语；
10、not to open the window作宾语补足语；
11、what to buy作宾语；
12、dance作宾语补足语（省略to）；
13、clean the room作宾语补足语（省略to）；
14、to speak English作状语；
15、to find his watch作状语；
16、to go there together with me作宾语补足语。
二、动名词
1.动名词的构成
动名词的基本形式为“v.+-ing”。
2.常跟动名词的词
英语中有一些动词（短语）后面常跟动名词作宾语。
收 我们初中阶段常见的有：finish,enjoy,mind,miss,be worth , be busy , practice , have fun , have trouble / difficulty(in),feel like,be used to(习惯于）,give up,keep on,consider,suggest,can't help。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆一些词或短语：
完成练习值得忙（finish,practice,be worth,be busy);继续习惯别放弃（keep on,be used to,give up);
考虑建议不禁想（consider,suggest,can't help,feel like);
喜欢思念要介意（enjoy,miss,mind)。
3.注意含有介词to的固定短语
在初中阶段的英语学习中，学生常常会遇到含有介
词的短语，下列动词短语中的to为介词，其后需要接名词、代词或动名词。
①make(a)contribution(s)to为……做贡献。
②devote oneself to献身，致力于……。如：
He has devoted himself to helping disabled people.
他一生致力于帮助残疾人。
③look forward to期盼，盼望。如：
We are so much looking forward to seeing you again我们非常盼望再见到你。
④prefer...to...比起……更喜欢……。如
I prefer walking to cycling.我愿意步行，而不愿意骑自行车。
⑤be used to...习惯……；适应……。如：
She is quite used to working hard.她很习惯努力工作。
4.两组固定搭配
①prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. = prefer doing sth.to doing sth.宁愿做某件事而不愿做另一件事。如：
I prefer to learn English rather than play the piano on Sundays. =I prefer learning English to playing the piano on Sundays.在周日，我宁愿学习英语，也不愿去弹钢琴。
②need,require,want后跟不定式和动名词的区别
当need,require,want作“需要”解时，后加动名词等
于后加不定式的被动式。如：
The window needs cleaning.
=The window needs to be cleaned.
那扇窗户需要清洗。
三、分词
1.分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的本形式为“动词原形+-ing”；过去分词的基本形式是“动词原形+-ed”，但也有不规则的形式。
2.现在分词作宾补和不定式作宾补的区别
我们常见的动词如 see,watch,notice,hear等，接不带to的不定式作宾补，表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作接现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行。如：
I heard him singing in the classroom.
我听到他正在教室里唱歌。（“唱”这个动作正在进行）
I heard him sing in the classroom.
我听到他在教室里唱歌了。（“唱”这个动作已经结
I saw him going up the stairs
我看见他正在上楼。（“上楼”这个动作正在进行）
I saw him go up the stairs.
我看见他上楼了。（“上楼”这个动作已经完成）
3.现在分词和过去分词的区别
(1)在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义。如：
the exploiting class剥削阶级
the exploited class 被剥削阶级
(2)在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。如：
the developing country发展中国家
the developed country发达国家
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
the risen sun升起来的太阳
4.have sb.do sth.,have sb./sth.doing sth.和have sth.done的区别
(1)have sb.do sth.意为“让某人做某事”，have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作，且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。如：
The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.
士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着
(2)have sb./sth.doing sth.意为“让某人/物一直做某事”。have可以用keep代替，现在分词（doing)所表示的动作往往具有持续进行的含义。如：
The two men had their lights burning all night long.
那两个人让灯通宵亮着。
(3)have sth.
sb.else to do sth.,过去分词（done)所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身）来完成，含有被动意义。如
The driver had his car washed once a week.
这个司机一周让人洗一次车。
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