牛津8A U5同步复习
词汇Words
1. exist v. 存在，生存
eg. The Roman Empire existed for several centuries.
The old lady exists only on coffee and bread.
【知识拓展】exist 的名词形式是existence n. 存在，实在
【反义】：extinct v. 灭绝
【常见搭配】 exist as 作为…而存在，以…形态存在
exist in 存在于…中
exist on 靠…生活，靠…生存
2. gentle adj. 温和的，文雅的
eg. He was a gentle, patient man who loved playing with his grandchildren.
【知识拓展】gentle的副词形式是gently adv. 轻轻地，逐渐地。
3. harmful adj. 有害的
eg. The new drug has no harmful side-effects.
【知识拓展】harm v./n. 对…有害；害处
do harm to sth 对……造成伤害
【反义】harmless adj. 无害的
eg. Their dog seems fierce, but he’s harmless.
4. fierce adj. 凶猛的
【知识拓展】fiercely adv. 猛烈地，厉害地
5. possible adj. 可能的，可能属实的
eg. I’ll help you if possible.
【知识拓展】 possibly adv. 可能地
A.S.A.P.= as soon as possible
6. amusement n. 娱乐
【知识拓展】 amuse v. 使发笑，使愉快
amused adj. 愉快的，开心的，好玩的
amusing adj. 有趣的
7. mail n. 邮件
eg. Their mail is delivered to boxes on the roads near their factory.
【注意】mail 无复数，泛指各种邮件。
8. create v. 创造，创建
【知识拓展】creation n. 创造，创造力
creator n. 创造者（the Creator上帝）
creative adj. 有创造力的
creativity n. 创造力；艺术创新
【知识点比较】create与make
make与create指“创造”时可换用。但当指“创作，塑造”等意义时，一般用create，而不用make。
试比较： They don’t believe that God created/made man.
He created the characters.
9. deliver v. 递送
【知识拓展】delivery n. 递送，交付
deliverer n. 递送人
10. skeleton n. 骨骼，骼髅
e. g. Tommy is so thin that he looks like a skeleton. 汤姆如此瘦，以致看上去瘦骨嶙峋。
A long illness made a skeleton out of him. 长期的疾病使他骨瘦如柴。
【知识拓展】be reduced to a skeleton瘦得皮包骨 be worn to a skeleton瘦得像骷髅
family skeleton家丑，见不得人的事 a walking skeleton骨瘦如柴的人
11. mouse n. 老鼠，鼠
e. g. Does your cat catch mice well? 你家的猫很会抓老鼠吗？
【常用搭配】a field/wood mouse野鼠 a house mouse家鼠
【友情提示】mouse还可以用来指“鼠标”。
12. real adj. 实际存在的，真实的
e. g. That is a real cat, not a toy. 那是一只真猫，不是玩具猫。
That old woman's a real dragon! 那老妇人确实是个凶恶的家伙！
【指点迷津】
(1) real暗指某事物是真实的或货真价实的，或指看上去或宣称与事实吻合的东西。
e. g. Don’t lose the bracelet；it's made of real gold. 别把手镯丢了，那是真金做的。
(2) true暗指与事实、现实或事物的真实状态相一致。
e. g. He’s your father. It's true. 他是你父亲。这是真的。
单词用法区别
1.【比较】though与although
although和though在一般情况下可以互换使用，但though是相对非正式用语，而although则较为正式，语气比though重，常用以强调让步概念。如：
Though/Although my car is very old, I don’t want to buy a new one.
当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用though, 而不用although, 如：
Though everybody deserts you, I will not.
though可以独立做副词，常放在句末，意为all the same（还是；仍然）或however（可是；然而），而although无此用法。如：
She didn’t tell me what she had done, but I know it, though.
It’s hard work, I enjoy it, though.
用although或though引导的让步状语从句中，主句都不可再用but。若要强调前后两部分的对比意义，可在主句前加yet或still。如：
Although/Though he has a lot of money, yet/still he is unhappy.
批注：提醒学生注意because和so也不可以同时出现在一个句中。
2. 【比较】nobody, no one与none
No one=nobody，两者均只能指人，不能指物，其后通常不接of短语；作主语时谓语用单数。None既可以指人也可以指物，其后通常接of短语；用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，若指复数形式的可数名词，则谓语可用单数（较正式），也可以用复数（常用于非正式文体）。如：
No one/Nobody likes it.
None of the food was left.
None of the books is/are interesting.
3. 【比较】believe与believe in
believe作及物动词时，意为“相信，信以为真”，其后直接跟宾语。如：Do you believe his reports?
believe in则意为“信仰，信任”，其后常接宗教、理论、原则、概念以及可信之人，当中believe为不及物动词。如：We don’t believe in ghosts.
试比较下面两句话的不同语意：
I believe him. (=I believe what he says)我相信他（所说的话）。
I believe in him. (=I trust him)我相信他是一个可以信任的人。（即：我信任他）
【记忆】believe me…是用来表示希望对方相信自己的常用口头语，可根据不同的场合译作“真的；我不骗你；一定会；请相信”等，它相当于I bet或Take my word for it. 如：Believe me, you will get well very soon.
4. see sb doing sth. 看见某人做某事（本结构不强调看到底）
see sb do sth. 看见某人做某事（本结构强调看到全过程）
类似的感官动词除了see还有watch, hear, notice, feel, listen to, look at等,可以接不带to的不定式或动词的ing形式。
5. sometimes 有时 Sometimes he is late for school.
sometime 某个时候 I will come sometime next week.
some time 一段时间 She’s been here for some time.
some times 几次，几倍 Judy has seen it some times.
6. 注意区别：
throw(threw, thrown) v. 扔
through prep. 穿过
though conj. 虽然（不与but连用）
thought （think的过去式）
（此部分测试时间为20分钟左右，讲评时间为15分钟左右。对本次所学内容进行检测）
Choose the best answer.
1. We waited for the bus.
A. long time B. a long time C. the long time D. some long time
2. will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.
A. The Evens B. The Evens’ C. The Evenses D. The Evenses’
3. Dr. Smith is going to pull out one of my .
A. teeth B. tooth C. teeths D. toothes
4. tea has gone bad.
A. Yesterday afternoon B. Afternoon yesterday
C. Yesterday afternoon’s D. Yesterday’s afternoon’s
5. were invited.
A. Mary’s and Jane’s friend B. Mary’s and Jane’s friends
C. Mary and Jane friend D. Mary and Jane’s friend
6. Is Mr. Douglas a friend of ?
A. your B. Jack C. your father’s D. you
7. In spite of his aged appearance, his movements were as spirited as a .
A. young man B. young men C. young men’s D. young man’s
8. Phonetics is speech sounds.
A. science of B. science of the C. the science of the D. the science of
9. She cut the cloth with scissors.
A .a couple of B. a pair of C. two D. some
10. A wife and have set an excellent example of living together in harmony.
A. a husband B. husband C. his husband D. the husband
11. My all hard for the people.
A. family, work B. family, works C. families, work D. families, works
12.This happened at .
A. Mr. Blacks’ B. Mr. Black C. the Mr. Blacks D. Mr. Black’s
13. We haven't got much for our picnic. Will you go and get some?
A. apple B. tomato C. bread D. biscuit
14.I’ve read_____ sports news about the Fl race today.
A. two B. pieces C. two piece D. two pieces of
15. Linda, I've bought many . Now let's make the birthday cake.
A. fresh eggs B. chocolate milk C. frozen food D rice dumplings
16. You can get much ____________ about the World Expo on the Internet.
A. map B. picture C. ticket D. information
keys: 1-5 BAACB 6-10 CDABB 11-16 ADCDA D
I．名词用法
一、基本概念
名词是表示人或物、地点、行为、感情以及抽象概念的词。是世界上万事万物的名称。
二、基本分类
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名词 |
专有名词（首字母大写） |
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普通名词 |
可数名词 |
个体名词（个别人或事物football，factory） |
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集体名词（若干个个体组成的集体class，army） |
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不可数名词 |
物质名称（无法分为个体的事物milk，water） |
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抽象名词（动作、状态等抽象概念love，interest） |
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专有名词：表示某一特定的人、月份、节日、地名、机构等。例：Song Wei，July，China，1smart
普通名词：表示一类人、事物或抽象概念的名称。可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
三、用法详解
1、可数名词的复数变化
2、不可数名词
表示不能计算数目的人或物的名词，称为不可数名词。它们前面不能用a/an，没有复数形式。
物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。如：luggage，milk，rice，soup，water，money，meat等。
1）常考不可数名词
2）不可数名词的量
a glass of water一杯水 a cup of tea一杯茶
a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶 a piece of bread 一片面包
a basket of food 一篮食物 a piece of news/advice/bread一条消息/一个建议/一片面包
two bags of rice 两袋米 three cups of coffee 三杯咖啡
five kilos of meat 五公斤肉 two pieces of bread两片面包
注意：一些可数名词也可以用单位词表示量：单位词和名词同时变复数
如：two bags of apples four pounds of tomatoes 四磅西红柿
3）既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但意义不同
例题：
1. Let’s get some _______ about tourism on the Internet.
A. information B. message C. Invention D.advice
2. I like_______ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways.
A. fish B. butter C. potatoes D. noodles
keys：1.A 2.A
2、常考修饰词：
1）修饰可数名词复数：a few/few, some/any, many, plenty of, a lot of, lots of
2）修饰不可数名词：a little/little，some/any，much，plenty of, a lot of, lots of，a great deal of
例题：
1. We have _______ rain this spring. The trees and grass don’t grow well.
A. little B. a little C. few D. a few
2. ---_______ yogurt do you need? ---Three cups.
A. How long B. How far C. How many D. How much
3. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasn't news.
A. many B. a few C. much D. few
4. Many new _______ (potato) will grow from one potato planted in the ground.
keys：1.A 2.D 3.C 4. potatoes
名词所有格
有生命：+’s/ s’
Lucy’s coat the Children’ Palace women’s clothes Teachers’ Day The twins’ mother
有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格。
today’s newspaper今天的报纸 one month’s vacation 一个月的假期
ten seconds’ love 十秒钟的爱 a mile’s journey一英里的路程
an hour’s walk 步行10分钟的路程 today’s newspaper今天的报纸
China’s land中国的土地 American's industry美国的工业
共同所有和各自所有：共有共用’s 不共有各自’s
Tom’s and Jack’s room 各自所有 Tom and Jack’s room 共有所有
表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上's代表全称。
at the doctor's在诊所 at my aunt’s在我阿姨家
2）无生命：多用 “of + 名词”结构
the title of the song 歌名 the end of the week 周末
the name of the book 书名 the windows of the room（房间的窗户）
the cover of the dictionary（词典的封面）
有时’s结构可以换成of结构表示强调：
the girl’s skirt = the skirt of the girl女孩的裙子
my uncle’s tractor = the tractor of my uncle 我叔叔的拖拉机
3）双重所有格
在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词等修饰时，如：a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。常用“of +名词’s”的形式来表示所有关系，即通常所说的“双重所有格”。后面的名词一般都是表示人的。
如：This is a book of Li Ming’s. 这是李明的一本书。
I met a few friends of mine. 我遇到了我的一些朋友。
注意：当中心词是picture, photo 等时，用双重所有格表示某人收藏的肖像、照片等；用所有格则表示某人自己的肖像、照片等。如：
Here is a photo of Mary’s. 这是一张玛丽的照片。（玛丽收藏的，不一定是她本人的照片）
I have a photo of Mary. 我有一张玛丽的照片。（指玛丽本人的照片）
双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如：
He is a friend of your father's. 他是你父亲的一个朋友。（强调你父亲的朋友不止一个）
He is a friend of your father. 他是你父亲的朋友。（强调他对你父亲的友好）
例题：
Shanghai World Expo(世博会) will open ________ a ________ time.
A. in, year’s B. after, years C. in, years’ D. after, years’
David talked with a friend of _______ on the Internet for a long time yesterday.
A. he B. his C .him D. himself
3. It’s from our school to my home.
A. ten minutes’ walk B. ten minute’s walk
C. ten minutes walk D. ten minute walk
4. I found something important in _____ (today)newspaper.
5. Chocolate is usually the _________(child) favorite food.
keys：1.A 2.B 3.A 4. today’s 5. children’s
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