It is sometimes said that the English are polite people. This can make l difficult for foreigners. Suppose a foreign boy asks an English girl to go out with him and she says, "If I finish my work, I’ll meet you in the cafe at 7 o'clock." Is she saying "yes" or "no" to his i ?
In grammatical terms, she is using the conditional structure(表示条件的句式). By using the
conditional, speakers of English can a giving a "yes" or "no" answer to a question. It enables people to be diplomatic(婉转的). If the girl doesn't want to go out with the boy, she won't appear at the cafe. She will let him understand she is still working. If she wants to go out with him, but doesn’t want to appear too easy to catch, she has achieved (达到) that with her r . Here she uses the first conditional which shows probability. It seems that she will go to the cafe. Being polite can make life very difficult!
The conditional is often used by people like politicians (政客), for example，who wish to avoid speaking out their i . This is very important if they are on their w to discuss an agreement.
No one wants to give away his or her points before he or she starts. A government spokesman might say to a group of workers, "If we could pay you more, we would." The use of the conditional here makes room for argument although the speaker is using the second conditional form, which shows improbability. So it is u the workers will get their rise.
"If" is a small word, which often appears in the English language. It can show politeness,
r speech and conditionals such as the First--probability--if I can come to your party, I will; the Second--improbability--if I saw you tomorrow, I would give you the book; and the Third-- impossibility (meaning it is too late to change something that has happened)--if you have told me, I would have helped you.
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2
Most people around the world are right-handed. This also s to be true in history. In 1799, scientists studied works (作品) of art made at different times from 1,500 B.C. to the 1950s. Most of the people shown in these works are right-handed, so the scientists guessed that right-handedness has always been common through history. Today, o about 10% to 15% of the world's population is left-handed.
Why are there more right-handed people than left-handed ones? Scientists now know that a person's two hands each have their own jobs. For most people, the left hand is used to find things or h things. The right hand is used to work with things. This is because of the different work of the two s of the brain. The right side of the brain, which makes a person's hands and eyes work together, controls the left hand. The left side of the brain, which controls the right hand, is the c for thinking and doing problems. These findings show that more artists should be left-handed, and studies have found that left-handedness is twice as common among artists than among people in other jobs.
No one really knows what makes a person become right-handed instead of left-handed. Scientists have found that almost 40% of the people become left-handed because their main brain is damaged when they are born. However, this doesn't h to everyone, so scientists guess there must be another r why people become left-handed. One idea is that people usually get right- handed from their parents. If a person does not r the gene for right-handedness, he / she may become either right- or left-handed according to the chance and the people they work or live with.
Though right-handedness is more common than left-handedness, people no longer think left- handed people are u . A long time ago, left-handed children were made to use their right hands like other children, but today they don't have to.
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3
Volunteering means spending some of your free time helping others. You may volunteer to help other people, but you can also volunteer to protect animals, the environment, or any other thing that you c about.
Volunteering helps others, but it can also help you. If you’re worried about something that’s happened, doing something can be a
great way to cope with（处理） your f .
Volunteering can let you see your own life in new ways. Sometimes it’s easy to worry about things like grades or get a because you don’t have the most expensive shoes or the newest computer game. Volunteering lets you spend some time on others for a while.
Lots of people find that they really enjoy volunteering. Volunteer experiences often put you in a different environment. Doing volunteer work means one very important thing: You make a
d in the world.
Volunteering is a great way to have f with your family, and here are some ideas on how you can do together:
◎Clean up a park, or a road along a river.
◎Plant trees or flowers in your community.
◎Serve food at a h shelter.
◎Give meals to people who are elderly or ill at home.
◎Clean up a school or other p buildings.
Some schools now require kids to spend some of their time on service to others. Volunteering gives kids a t of responsibility（责任心）, because people are depending on them for something important. Volunteering also can help kids learn important things about themselves. A volunteer job can even help some kids d what they want to do when they grow up. So what are you waiting for? Make a plan to start volunteering today!
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If you're having difficulties in class and it seems that your teacher is unfair to you, take time to think h about what's happening. Try to find out whether your teacher really dislikes you, or whether something else is going on. Here are some questions to ask yourself:
1. Are you the only person being t badly, or is your teacher rough(粗暴的) on the whole
class? Ask your classmates if they are having trouble with the teacher, too. If they say yes, p your teacher is having problems outside the school, or is new and at a loss(不知所措).
2. Are you working up to your ability? Maybe you got a C in your last test, and your teacher told you that you could do better. But the kid sitting beside you got a C, too, and the teacher didn't say a to him! Isn't this unfair? Well, it could be that your teacher knows that you could get a better grade if you put more effort into it. Teachers often grade students by different standards (标准). It’s their way of e a student to try a little harder.
3. Are you more sensitive (敏感的) than other students? There's nothing wrong with being
sensitive, but if you react(反应) to criticism(批评) quite d from others, this could be a reason why you think your teacher doesn't like you.
4. Does your teacher seem to act unfairly all the time, or just once in a while? Think about the harsh(苛刻的) things your teacher has done or said to you. Are these things happening every day, or just once or twice a month? If your teacher really hates you, you would probably be picked on(故 意刁难；挑剔) all the time. If your teacher has acted unfairly only a few times, then there's probably something else going on.
If you take the time to ask yourself these questions, you'll get a b sense of what's happening between you and your teacher.
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5
Learning experiences happen to us throughout our lives, and not too long ago, I had one that I would like to s .
This story began with a sailing trip. It's a story of pizza (比萨), sailing and being
afraid of buying ice-cream with a US $20 bill.
I was going to Marblehead, Massachusetts, with my Optimist (a sailboat) racing team for the New England Optimist Championship.
The team was racing down the highway at 85mph (miles per hour) when we all realized we were h .
Luckily, we saw a r area ahead. I was very excited, because I had a new US $20 bill. I was so excited because I had never had that kind of money before. I had money I had saved, but spending it on food seemed like t it away.
We all rushed into the pizza line. Finally I got a cheese pizza and drink, and walked to my table.
About halfway through the meal, I realized I had not actually h my money to the cashier(收银员). I had just walked out, and nobody had noticed. I felt terrible.
My conscience(良知) o its mouth and swallowed me. I couldn't get over it. I just couldn't go back to the cashier and pay for my stolen, half-eaten pizza. I would be more em barras sed than I ever had been.
I was so sorry that I refused to give myself the p of an ice-cream in fear that someone would say, "Hey, Jeff, why don't you use the change from the pizza instead of that nice, new US $20 bill?" I was not so proud of my money now.
For the next two years, whenever I was reminded of (thought of) the "Pizza incident," I closed my eyes and said to myself, “Don't think about it. Don't think about
it.” I have learned two things from this e . Maybe I was an unwise person for giving in to my conscience, and being too stupid to appreciate a free pizza. But I think the real lesson is that if you let being embarrassed get in the way of doing the right thing, then your conscience will catch up with you.
I think this reflects the saying, "A coward (懦夫) dies a thousand deaths, a hero
dies one." I was a coward and have felt t about that incident at least a thousand times. If I had been a "hero" and gone back up to pay for the pizza, then I would have felt a little embarrassed about it only once, or maybe twice.
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