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年 级 |
八 |
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学 科 |
英语 |
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简单句和并列句+阅读 |
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一、知识梳理 Step 1 简单句学习 简单句是指只包含一个主谓结构，句子成分是由单词和短语来充当的。其中每个主语或是谓语可以由并列连词连接的成分来充当，而且也可以有修饰语和短语。也就是说，如果一个句子里可以出现两个或更多并列的主语共同使用一个谓语，或一个主语后面接两个或多个并列的谓语，或者两个主语后面接两个谓语，都可称为简单句。 简单句的五种基本句型： 1、S(主） + Vi（不及物动词）（谓语） ——→主动结构 例如：Time flies. 1）S + V + 副词（状语） 例如：Birds sing beautifully. 2）S + Vi + 介词短语（状语） 例如：He went on holiday. 3）S + Vi + 不定式（状语） 例如：We stopped to have a rest. 4）S + Vi + 分词（状语） 例如：I'll go swimming.
2、S (主）+ Vt （及物动词）（谓语）+ O（宾语）——→主动宾结构 例如：We like English. 1）S + Vt + 名词/代词 例如：I like music. 2）S + Vt + 不定式 例如：I want to help him. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有：decide, hope, learn, need, promise, want, 等。 3）S + Vt + 疑问词 + 不定式 例如：I don't know what to do. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有：ask, decide, find out, forget, know等。 4）S + Vt + 动名词 例如：I enjoy living here. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有： advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise等。 5）S + Vt + 宾语从句 例如：I don't think (that) he is right. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有： hope, know, notice, think, wonder等。
3、S (主）+ V（谓语）( 系动词）+ P（表语）——→主系表结构 例如：We are Chinese. [说明] Ⅰ.除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，①表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, seem 等。②表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 ③表延续的动词 keep, seem等。④表瞬时的动词 come, fall等。 Ⅱ.表语也就是主语的补足语。 1）S + V + 名词/代词 例如：He is a boy. 2）S + V + 形容词 例如：She is beautiful. 3）S + V + Adv 副词 例如：Class is over. 4）S + V + 介词短语 例如：He is in good health. 5）S + V+ 分词 例如：He is excited.
4、S (主）+ Vt（谓语）+ I O（间接宾语）+ D O（直接宾语）—→主动双宾结构 例如：I give you help. 1）S + Vt + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 例如：I sent him a book. 2）S + Vt + 直接宾语+ To/for + 间接宾语 例如：He sent a book to me. [说明] ①间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有： bring, give, lend, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。 ②间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有： buy, get, make 等。 【难点】 5、S (主）+ Vt（谓语）+ O（宾语） + O C（宾语补足语）——→主动宾补结构 例如：I make you clear. [强调]宾语和宾语补足语之间通常具有逻辑主谓关系。 1）S + Vt + 宾语 + 名词 例如：We named our baby Tom. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有：call, find, make, name等。 2）S + Vt + 宾语 + 形容词 例如：He painted the wall white. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有：cut, find, keep, leave, make, see, wash等。 3）S + Vt + 宾语 + 介词短语 例如：She always keeps everything in good order. 4）S + Vt + 宾语 + 不定式 例如：I wish you to stay. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有：①不定式带to的词： ask, invite, tell, want, warn, wish等。②不定式不带to的词：have, know, let, make, notice, see, watch等。 5）S + Vt + 宾语 + 分词 例如：I heard my name called（表示被动）. I feel something moving（表示进行）. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有： notice, observe, see, watch等。 6）S + Vt + 宾语 + 疑问词 + 不定式 例如：He show me how to do it. [说明] 常用于这句型的动词有：ask, show, teach, tell等。 五种基本句型的推导： 1) 英语句子必须有谓语动词。 他像他爸爸。He is like his father. 这本书值得一读。The book is worth reading. 我反对你的意见。I’m against you. 2)一个句子内有且只有一个动词充当谓语（并列谓语除外），其余动词应为非谓语或从句的谓语。 他给我一些水喝。He gave me some water to drink.
针对练习： 翻译下列句子并分析句子结构： 1）我经常在早晨读英语。 2）玛丽是个聪明的学生。 3）我的老师交给我一封信 4）我母亲经常叫我努力学习。 5）我们叫我们的老师王先生 6）他正在房里做家庭作业
Step 2 并列句学习 并列句由并列连词and, but, or，so, not only…but also, however, yet, while等或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的同等重要简单句连在一起构成。 并列句考点： 一、考查表示转折对比关系的并列连词 1. but (但是,可是,而,却) 连接两个简单句,有时句中某些词可以省略;连接两个并列成分,可以放在一个句子的句首,后面不接逗号。 I hope you don't mind me asking, ________ where did you buy those shoes? A. so B. and C. for D. but 2. yet (但是;尽管如此) 可连接两个句子,用逗号分开,也可在yet前加and,还可以放在一个句子的句首。例如: He's pleasant enough, and yet I don't like him. 他人很好,但我却不喜欢他。 3. while (而,但是,可是,却) while作连词用时,可表示对比或转折关系。 I do every single bit of housework ________ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then. A. since B. while C. when D. as
二、 考查表示因果关系的并列连词 1. for (因为) 由并列连词for引导的分句常置于句子后部,而且常用逗号与前面的分句隔开。for分句主要是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。for分句不能用来回答why问句。 2. so (因此) 可以连接两个句子,中间有时用逗号隔开;也可在so前加and;还可以放在一个句子的句首。 The shop doesn't open until 11 a.m.,________ it loses a lot of business. A. for B. or C. but D. so
三、 考查表示选择关系的连词or Would you like a cup of coffee ________ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
四、考查表示并列关系的并列连词 1. and (和,同,与,又,并且) 2. not only... but also...(不仅......而且) 3. neither... nor... (既不......也不) 4. both... and... (既......又)
五、考查其他并列连词 1. not... but... (不是......而是) 2. rather than(而不是;与其......宁愿) 3. when(正当那时,相当于and at that time) 二、典型例题 ( )1.I help him___ he helps me. We help each other . A. but B. and C. or D. though ( ) 2. ___ he ___ I am a doctor. A. Both; and B. Either; nor C. Neither; nor D. Neither; and ( ) 3. Some of us would like to act the story ___ it isn't finished yet. A. but B. and C. though D. so ( ) 4 .One more week, ___ we will finish the task. A. or B. so that C. and D. if ( ) 5. "The ground must be just right ___ too wet ___ too dry. A. either; or B. both; and C. between; and D. neither; nor ( ) 6. Sam was ill yesterday, so he________his homework. A. didn't B. not did C. didn't do D. didn't did ( ) 7. Sorry, there's only one seat left. ___ you___ she can have it. A. neither; nor B. Either; or C. Both; and D. Not; but ( ) 8. He _________coffee at all. He _________ tea. A. doesn't like, prefers B. likes, doesn't prefer C. would like, not prefers D. prefers, is not food of ( ) 9. We _________ happy about the price of meat. A. don't B. are not C. won't D. weren't being ( ) 10. I ______ trouble finding the place. A. didn't have many B. haven't a great deal of C. didn't have much D. hadn't a lot of ( ) 11. _______ of us likes the film. A. Both B. All C. Neither D. Some ( ) 12. Which sentence is right? A. I don't think that he is not right. B. I think he is not right. C. I don't think that he is right. D. I think he was not right. ( ) 13. They are ___ young ___ carry the box onto the table. A. enough; too B. too; to C. so; to D. very; to ( ) 14. They ________ lunch at home every day. A. have not B. didn't have C. don't have D. have not any ( ) 15.--________ is your English teacher like? --He is tall and thin. A. How B. What C. Which D. / ( ) 16. --_________do you like the new play? --It's good and interesting. A. How B. Which C. What D. Whom ( ) 17. Pay attention please, ___ of you want to attend the party? A. who B. which C. whom D. what ( ) 18. --___ did you sleep last night? --I stayed up too late to go to sleep. A. How B. When C. Why D. Where ( ) 19. It is getting dark. Our teacher_________. A. lets us to go home B. lets us go home C. let us go to home D. let we go home ( ) 20. _________ she sings! A. What beautiful B. How beautiful C. What beautifully D. How beautifully
三、基础练习 Ⅲ.Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each can only be used once.(将下列单词或词组的字母代号填入空格。每词或词组只能填一次)（共8分）。
Hiking is a great way to travel. You will get close to nature and take exercise____46____. It is easy to do and doesn’t have to be very expensive. You can hike close to home or travel to other places. The basic equipment you need for hiking is ____47____: good shoes, clothes and a backpack. You can hike in the mountains, in a forest or along the river. You can also go for a hike in the city. Hiking is interesting and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety. Here are some basic tips for successful hiking: 1. Don’t hike ____48____. 2. Tell someone where you are going. 3. Bring water and a good map.4. Watch out for dangers, such as spiders, snakes, or poisonous(有毒的) plants.5. Wear a hat to____49____ yourself from the Sun. 6. Bring a mobile phone if you have one.
Another exciting adventure is rafting. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience nature. If you want a ____50____ rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few trees and other dangers: The name “whitewater” ____51____ the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly. As with rafting, you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes. You also need to learn the basic ____52____ of rafting, such as how to handle the raft, how to paddle and how to get in and out of the raft. You should not go rafting _____53___ you know how to swim, and you should wear a life jacket.
IV. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms(用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子，每空格限填一词)：（共8分） 54. In today’s speech the famous scientist will introduce __________ new invention to the audience.(he) 55. In his__________, Adam became interested in different cultures and began to travel around.(sixty) 56. Many students in Canada learn __________as a second language because it is widely spoken.(France) 57.You should know the __________ background of the World WarⅡbefore you read the novel.(history) 58. When the young lady __________ held the baby in her arms, he stopped crying at once.(gentle) 59. All the Young Pioneers should __________ to keep the school a clean and beautiful place.(active) 60. After ten days in the cage the bird finally got the __________ and flew back to the blue sky.(free) 61. She knew that it was __________to wait there, so she tried to solve the problem by herself.(useful)
V. Rewrite the following sentences as required (根据所给要求，改写下列句子，每空限填一次) 62. The kids have a good time in the summer camp in the countryside. (改为一般疑问句) _______ the kids _______ a good time in the summer camp in the countryside? 63. The farmer went to the market to sell vegetables twice a week. (对画线部分提问) ________ _________ did the farmer go to the market to sell vegetables. 64. Write down the key words on your paper, or you will forget what I’ve said. ( 保持句意不变) ________ you ________ write down the key words on your paper, you will forget what I’ve said 65. Mr. White told his son that he mustn’t feed the animals in the park. (改为简单句) Mr. White told his son________ _________ feed the animals in the park 66. “When did Tom come to realize the importance of study? ”Could you to tell me (改为宾语从句) Could you to tell me________ Tom__________ to realize the importance of study? 67. The government made laws to prevent the wild space from the pollution. （改为被动语态） Laws _________ __________ by the government to prevent the wild space from the pollution 68. take ,does, to get to ,it， them, the working place, twenty minutes（ 连词成句） ____________________________________________________________________？
四、巩固提高 Part 3 Reading and Writing(36%) A The detective stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle are famous all over the world. The detective in his stories is called Sherlock Holmes. He solves many cases in a most surprising way. Through it all, his assistant, Dr Watson, watches with admiration. Watson then writes up the story of the cases afterwards. This is a useful story writing skill. Because Watson is not very clever, the story remains a mystery until the end. The readers can sometimes pick up some clues before he does! Then, to make Watson understand the mystery, Holmes has to explain it all, step by step. So we, the readers, get to see it step by step too. Watson is almost as good a character in the story as Sherlock Holmes! The very first time they meet, Holmes greatly surprises Watson. When they are first introduced, Holmes says to Watson, "How do you do? I see you have been to Afghanistan. “ Watson is too amazed by this to ask Holmes how he knows this. Watson has, indeed, been to Afghanistan. Later, he asks Holmes about it. Holmes explains that there is nothing magical about what he does. He gets to know it all by very, very careful observation. . Observation One Watson was introduced to Holmes as a doctor. Yet Holmes thought that the way he stood and walked made him seem like a soldier. So, this meant he was probably an army doctor. Observation Two Watson's face was quite dark skinned. But his wrists were pale. So his dark face was probably sun burnt. This meant that he had been to a hot, sunny country. As he was a working doctor, this was not a holiday. He must have gone with the army. Observation Three At the time,the British army had soldiers at bases in many parts of the world. So there were still a lot of places to choose from. However, Holmes saw that Watson looked very tired and he was always holding his left arm, as if it was painful. So, he had probably been with the army to a place where they were fighting. There was only one place where the British army was fighting at that time: Afghanistan.
( )1. Dr Watson watches Holmes with admiration because________. A.Holmes solves mysteries in a most surprising way B. Watson is not very clever C. people always come to Holmes for help D.the story of the mystery is written up afterwards . ( )2. The writer most probably created the character, Dr Watson, to______ . A. give Holmes help when solving mysteries B. Show Holmes' careful observation C. help readers pick up some clues about the mystery D.get readers to see the mystery step by step ( )3. The first time they meet,_______. A. Holmes explains how he knows Watson has been to Afghanistan B. Holmes surprises Watson by telling that he has been to Afghanistan C. Watson tells Holmes he has been to Afghanistan D. Watson asks Holmes how he knows he has been to Afghanistan ( )4. In “Observation Two" , the underlined words sun burnt probably means________. A. caused by illness B. Made brown by sun C. painted by make-up D. given by his mother ( )5. The passage tells us that Watson went to Afghanistan to ________. A. fight the enemy for the country B. have a holiday with his friends C. work as an army doctor D. stay away from the cold, rainy weather of London ( )6.From the passage we know that the British army _________ at that time. A. only had soldiers in Afghanistan B. had many army doctors at bases in many parts of the world C. was fighting with several countries D. was fighting with Afghanistan .
B Where in the world can you take an hour's train ride, and pass a forest, a London street, a scene from the Wild West, and a burning building that never bums down? There's only one place, and that's Hollywood, in California. The scenes you see from the tourist train are film sets in the Universal Studios, one of the oldest and largest movie companies in the USA. A visit to Universal Studios brings__63__memories of great days of Hollywood, the films and the stars. But they are only memories. Hollywood isn't quite the same as it used to be. Costs (成本、费用) have_____and confidence has gone down. Movie-makers are afraid to spend their money on expensive new ideas. Instead, they_65_old ones. The film industry is changing fast. Teenagers still go out to the movies. The theatre is a good place to meet friends away from there. But older people_66_stay home to watch series like Dynasty have become as important to Hollywood as expensive movies. These "soap opera (肥 旱剧）", as they are called, show rich, _67_families living in beautiful homes and wearing beautiful clothes. But the actors and actress are nearly all middle-aged, like many of the people who watch them. Though it is soap operas that are keeping the film-makers of Hollywood in Business, big films are still being made in America. But more and more of them are made outside Hollywood. New York is the most important new center, but there are many others _68_ . Movie-makers have realized that they don't need Hollywood any more. Modern cameras made copies in a studio instead. Other states, such as Florid and Texas are working hard to take the film business away from California. They are offering better working conditions (条件)and lower cost. But Hollywood is fighting back. Tie state of California is trying to keep its best-known industry. ( )7. A. behind B.back C.across D.above ( )8. A. looked out B. prepared for C. dealt with D.gone up ( )9. A. arrange B. create C.repeat D. destroy ( )10. A. suddenly B.usually C. seriously D. politely ( )11.A.powerful B. helpful C.simple D. foolish ( )12. A. just now B. at first C.in time D.as well
C A man in Changchun City, Jilin Province has made over 147 blood donations in the past ， decide to help his wife, who suffers from a s_13_disease. After Xu Wenwu's wife collapsed in 2003 because of her disease, doctors told her that she would need r_14_blood transfusions(输血)，which would be more than the family could afford. Wu learned about a blood donation policy in China that allows the husband or wife of donator to use blood for f_15_, as long as his or her spouse(配偶) has donated a certain a_16_of blood. When Xu discovered that they had the same blood type, he decided it was the best c__17__ Xu's wife, Wang Xiaoying, was later diagnosed with myasthenia gravis(重症肌无力）and could no longer look after herself properly.Xu,an electrician,was let go from dozens of jobs because he spent so much time c 18 for his wife. Wang no longer needs blood transfusions to live, but Xu said he would continue to donate to others who need it. Computer data at a Changchun blood station, established in 2001, has recorded 147 donations by Xu, but the number may be e__19___higher.
D He is always in my heart. I couldn't believe I lost him.As I think of my father, tears fill my eyes and run down my face. My dad always wanted to go to Canada, so he wrote a letter to one of my uncles in Canada for help. My uncle successfully got a visit visa (签证）for my dad. So he flew to Canada, looking for a better life for his kids. That year, I was six. After a few months Dad wrote us a letter saying he was fine and happy. That letter, and its many fellows down the years, all with the same words, kept coming to our doors for 11 years. Yet, even as he lived there in Canada, his health was failing him — but fearing we would worry he never let us know about his bad health. He spent these years in Canada working hard; finally after 11 years when he got his landed immigrant (永久居民）paper, he wrote us saying all of us could move to Canada. We were all happy that we would finally be together, It was to be a huge family reunion (重 聚).Sadly my father did not live to see his family reunion as he died of a serious heart attack. Yes, Canada is a wonderful country. So many times I can't help thinking it was here that my dad was taken away from us. When I miss him, I want someone to hold me and give me a hug; And when l see how everyone gives his father gifts on Father's Day, wishing them a long, happy life, I want to do the same. But to whom can I give my Father's Day gift and card? Where can I get the same warm loving hug again? 20.Which word can best describe the writer's feeling when he was writing the passage? _______________________________________________________________________________ 21.Why did the author's father want to go to Canada? _______________________________________________________________________________ 22.What did the underlined words "the same words" refer to? _______________________________________________________________________________ 23.How old was the writer when he moved to Canada? _______________________________________________________________________________ 24.The writer’s father passed away before his family moved to Canada, didn't he? _______________________________________________________________________________ 25.What can we know from the last paragraph?
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