英语动词根据其意义和句法作用,可分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。实义动词又称行为动词,为表示动作或状态的动词,可以单独充当句子的谓语,实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词两类。英语中的动词短语通常由动词加介词、副词、名词等构成,在句中起动词的作用。
高考设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语词意的辨析及其理解和运用能力。
01
常用动词辨析
1.advise,persuade,suggest
advise用作及物动词,表示"劝告,忠告,建议",强调提醒或引起注意;
persuade表示"说服",强调劝说成功,主要搭配是:persuade sb.to do sth.说服某人做某事(相当于persuade sb. into doing sth.);如表示劝说但不一定成功,则使用try to persuade sb.to do sth.或advise sb.to do sth.。
suggest用作及物动词,意为"建议",后接名词、代词、动名词或从句,从句中的谓语用"should+动词原形",should可以省略。
2.bring,take,carry,fetch
bring"带来,拿来,取来",强调从别处带人或物到说话人所在地。
take"拿走,带走",强调把人或物从说话者身边带走,方向与bring相反。
fetch"去拿来,去取来",强调从甲地出发到乙地取物或人后,又回到甲地,相当于go and bring。
carry"携带,搬运,运送",强调用人力或车辆把人或物从一地运到另一地。
3.win,beat,defeat
win表示"赢得,战胜"时,宾语多是比赛项目等。win sb.则指"赢得人心"。
beat/defeat意为"打败,击败",其宾语只能是人或由人组成的机构。如:beat sb.打败某人;defeat their team/ the country/the enemy击败了他们的队/国家/敌人。
beat多用于表示在比赛或争论中战胜对手;
defeat多用于在战争中打败对手。
4.believe,believe in
believe表示"相信,认为",侧重于相信某人说的话或所做事情的真实性,其后可跟名词、代词、不定式的复合结构或宾语从句。
believe in表示"相信,信任,信仰,信奉",其后常接真理、宗教、原则之类的名词。
☞You should believe in yourself and believe that you will succeed one day. 你应该相信自己,并且相信某天你将会成功的。
5.book,order
二者都有"订购,预订"之意,但book指订各种"票,座位";而order指"餐馆订饭、菜,定做衣服,订货"等,常用结构:place an order for sth. with sb.向某人订购某物。
对比:book a ticket/two seats/a double room订一张票/两个座位/一个双人间;order four dishes/ lunch要四个菜/订好午饭。
☞He booked a table for four and ordered six dishes. 他订了一张四人桌,并且要了六个菜。
6.choose,select,elect
choose表示"选择,挑选",有时也表示"推选,选举",但一般表示范围很小、普通的选择,没有elect正式。select表示"(精心地)挑选,选定",具有"精选"之意。
elect表示"选举",指较大范围的正式的选举。
7.disturb,interrupt
disturb是及物动词,有"打扰,扰乱,使人心神不安"之意。
常用短语:disturb the sleeping child/one’s plan/the public peace打扰睡觉的孩子/打乱计划/扰乱社会治安;be mentally disturbed精神上受到影响;be disturbed about对……感到不安。
interrupt有"打断,打扰"之意,侧重打断。常用短语:interrupt the supplies中断供应interrupt one’s speech打断演讲
8.hurt,injure,wound,harm
hurt是一般用语,指精神或肉体上受到的伤害,有较强烈的"疼痛"意味;
injure比hurt更正式,常指意外事故对身体或精神上的"损害,损伤";
wound主要指外界暴力引起身体创伤,尤指战争中受的刀、枪、剑等伤;
harm指对人的肉体或精神带来伤害,特指伤及一个人或其心态、健康、权利、事业等,使之产生痛苦、损失或任何不幸遭遇。
9.miss,lose
miss意为"未能赶上(抓住),错过,失去,漏掉"。而lose意为"丢失,迷失方向,迷路"。
10.fit,be fit for,be fit to,suit
fit用作及物或不及物动词,表示"(衣服等)合适,使合身";
be fit for是形容词短语,表示"适合的,能胜任的",for后接名词或动名词;
befit to表示"适合,能胜任",to是动词不定式符号,后接动词原形。suit指颜色、款式的"适合",而fit指尺寸、大小的"合适"。
11.save,spare
save意为"储蓄,节省",指把钱、时间及其他东西储蓄起来以备将来用,或指节省东西,避免浪费,也指"救命"。而spare意为"省",指细心地省下或节省钱、时间、力气等,常表示省出一部分以留作他用。
12.seat,sit
seat是及物动词,意思是"使坐下",可以接人作宾语,还可以用于被动语态。常见搭配有:seat sb.使某人坐下;seat oneself自己坐下;be seated=sit down坐好。而sit是不及物动词,不能带宾语。
1.(2019·江苏卷·单项填空)34.A city is the product of the human hand and mind, __________ man’s intelligence and creativity.
A. resemblingB. reflectingC. reviewingD. restoring
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词辨析。句意:城市是人类的双手和思想的产物,反映了人的智慧和创造力。resembling像;reflecting反映;reviewing回顾;restoring恢复,根据题意,故选B。
2.(2018·新课标I卷·完形填空)During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 41 the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn’t want to 42 a few dollars?
41. A. put forwardB. jumped atC. tried outD. turned down
42. A. wasteB. earnC. saveD. pay
41.B 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。我在大二时,学校教育处提供一种名叫思维象棋的免费课程,这个课程3个学分。我急于接收这个课程,是因为我想节省点钱。put forward提出;jumped at急于接收;tried out尝试;turned down拒绝。故选B。
42.C 【解析】考查动词辨析。我在大二时,学校教育处提供一种名叫思维象棋的免费课程,这个课程3个学分。我急于接收这个课程,是因为我想节省点钱。waste浪费;earn赚钱;save节省;pay付钱。故选C。
02
考向二 考查同根介词或副词动词短语的辨析
使用频率较高的这类动词有:call,cut,come,go,get,go,look,put,set,turn,take,pay,pick,make等。常见的介词或副词有:in,off,out,up,away,for,on,over等。
1.动词+ away构成的短语动词有:
throw away扔掉
put away把……收拾好
give away捐赠,分发
carry away运走
run away 潜逃,跑开
go away 走开
2.动词+ for构成的短语动词有:
answer for负责
provide for供给
all for要求
plan for打算,为……计划
hope for希望,期待
ask for索取,寻找
send for派人去请
go for努力获取
pay for偿还,赔偿
3.动词+on构成的短语动词有:
try on试穿,试验
put on穿上,上演
have on穿着,戴着
pull on穿,戴
hold on不挂断,坚持,继续
carry on继续开展,坚持
keep on继续
go on继续
get on上(车)
4.动词+over构成的短语动词有:
come over过来
hand over移交
go over仔细检查,复习
get over克服,恢复
look over检查
think over仔细考虑
take over接受,接管
hand over 移交
turn over翻转
5.动词+ up构成的短语动词有:
bring up抚育,培养
call up召唤,打电话给
come up走上前来,长出
cut up切碎
fix up修理
give up放弃;
go up 上升,增长
grow up 长大
look up尊敬,向上看,查寻
make up虚构,弥补,组成
put up举起,搭建
set up建立,创(纪录)
pick up 捡起,(开车)接某人,偶然得到
send up发射
show up 揭露,露面
turn up出现,把……调高一点
1. (2019·北京卷·完形填空)He asks you questions and actually remembers the answers, so the next time you ride with him, he'll ___21___ those things.
A. act onB. settle onC. check onD. agree on
【答案】C
【解析】句意:在坐车的时候,Wilson会问这些学生问题,然后记住答案。下一次这些学生再坐车的时候,
Wilson会检查(check on)上次提到的这些东西。该句指的是在乘车期间,Wilson会利用这个机会了解考查学生们的学习情况。故C选项正确。
2. (2018·江苏卷·完形填空)Raynor Winn and her husband Moth became homeless due to their wrong investment. Their savings had been___36___ to pay lawyers’ fees.
A. drawn up B. used up C. backed up D. kept up
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词短语以及对语境的理解。A. drawn up起草;B. used up用光;C. backed up拥堵;D. kept up保持。根据后面的to pay lawyers’ fees.提示可知,他们的积蓄都用光了。故选B。
3.(2017·江苏卷·完形填空)In his first years of high school, Gabriel would look pityingly at music students, 36(struggling) across the campus with their heavy instrument cases, 37 at school for practice hours 38(before) anyone else had to be there.
A. rising up B. coming up C. driving up D. turning up
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词短语。根据" 37 at school for practice hours 38 anyone else"可知,学习音乐的同学需要比不学音乐的早到学校几个小时,为了练习弹奏乐器。turn up在"出现",符合语境。
6.动词+out构成的短语动词有:
come out出来
go out出去,熄灭
look out留神,当心
walk out走出
set out出发,开始
put out扑灭,生产
give out发出,发表
hand out分发
pick out挑选
find out找出,发现
speak out大声地说
turn out生产,结果是
get out出去,离开
carry out实行,执行
work out计算出,解决,实行,行得通
bring out出版
start out 出发,动身。
(2017·江苏卷·单项填空)Working with the medical team in Africa has ____________ the best in her as a doctor.
A. held out B. brought out C. picked out D. given out
【答案】B
【解析】考查短语辨析。hold out坚持;提供机会;伸出手;B. bring out使显现,阐明,出版;C. pick out使容易看见,找出精心挑选,认出来;D. give out用完,停止运行,分发,发出,公布。句意:在非洲同医疗队一起工作已经使她表现出了最好的一面。这里取"使显现"之意,故选B。
03
常见同根动词短语辨析
1.bring
bring in引进,挣得bring about引起,导致
bring up养育,培养,呕吐,提出bring out使展现,推出(书等)
bring down降低,使倒下bring back把……带回来,使忆起
bring forth结果,生产,产生bring forward提出,提前
bring off圆满完成(困难之事)
2.break
break down崩溃,瓦解,垮掉,失败,分解break up打碎,分解,分开,结束,制止
break through逾越,突破,冲破break away(from)挣脱,脱离
break out爆发break in破门而入
break into进入建筑物以便行窃,突然发出,打扰 break off折断,中断
3.come
come about发生come out结果出来,出版,开花
come across偶遇,被理解come true变为现实
come up走上前,被提出,走近come along一起来
come up with产生,发现(解决办法等)
4.give
give up放弃give in屈服,呈交
give out 用尽,耗尽,分发,公布,发表
give off发出 give away颁发,赠送,送掉,捐赠
5.go
go against违背,与……不符,对……不利go without勉强维持,凑合
go in for爱好,参加,从事go by过去,依据,按照
go on继续,发生go over复习,仔细审查,走近
go ahead 进行go through 从头到尾地阅读,经历
go away走开,外出度假,消失go for去取来或接来,争取得到
6.keep
keep away(from)使远离keep back 扣除,保留,隐瞒不讲
keep off 避开keep on继续
keep out 挡在外边,请勿靠近keep up保持,不低落,持续,继续
keep up with跟上keep down抑制(以防其增长)
7.look
look ahead向前看look about环顾
look back回忆,回顾look out当心,找出
look up向上看,查阅,看望look down upon看不起
look through翻阅look into调查,向内看
look after照看,负责处理look on旁观
look forward to盼望look round寻找,边走边看,观光
8.put
put back放回原处,拨回,阻碍,推迟put down平定,镇压,记下
put away将事物放置于惯常保存之处,储蓄put forward提出(计划、建议),拨快,提前
put off延期put on穿戴,上映
put out扑灭,生产put up举起,张贴
9.take
take in吸收take for 误认为
take out 拿出take down 放下
take up从事,拿起,占据take off 飞机起飞,脱下,休假,成功
take by攻占take after像
take along 随身携带take away带走,拿走,使离去
take back 收回,退回(所购商品)take charge 负责,掌管
take on呈现,雇佣take out拿出,带……出去
take over 接管,接任
1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空) Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which _______ a clear road map and timetable.
A. calls for B. calls on
C. calls off D. calls up
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词短语词义辨析及语境理解。句意:发展长江经济带是一项需要清晰的路线图和时间表的系统工程。A. calls for需要;B. calls on号召;C. calls off取消;D. calls up使想起。故选A。
2.The general manager has to retire due to his illness. Who do you think will ________the business?
A. take inB. take upC. take onD. take over
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:总经理由于生病必须退休,你认为谁将接管这个公司?take over
"接管,接手",符合句意。take in"领会,欺骗";take up"继续,占据(一定的时间或空间)";take on"承担(责任),呈现"。
10.turn
turn back折回,掉转头turn away转身,走开,打发走turn out结果是,赶出,生产,制造
turn down 拒绝,调小turn off 关掉turn over翻过来,移交
turn in上交(作业等),拐入 turn into变成,翻译 turn on打开,取决于
turn to求助于,翻到turn up调大,出现
Tom had to______ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
A. turn inB. turn down
C. turn over D. turn to
【答案】B
【解析】句意:上个周汤姆不得不拒绝宴会的邀请,因为他太忙了。turn in 上交;turn down拒绝;turn over 移交;turn to求助。根据句意可知选B。
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