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2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考02 代词(讲解)

 2019-2020学年中考英语语法备考秘籍 代词

 

【分析解读】

分析解读代词是中考必考的知识点之一,重点考查人称代词、物主代词和不定代词的用法,而且常设置情景干扰。

考生在备考时要注意总结归纳易混代词的区别,把握代词在特殊语境中的意义和功能,理清思路,明确各替代词所指代的事物要学会寻找有效的切入点,准确排除错误选项。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

【知识方法】                              

                                主格                     

 

                  人称代词                

                               宾格         

                               

                              形容词性物主代词

  

                   物主代词

                             名词性物主代词

 

                              第一人称反身代词            

   代词的分类      反身代词   第二人称反身代词           

                              第三人称反身代词                 

                    

 指示代词 this that these those

                  

                              普通不定代词

                  不定代词

                              复合不定代词

        

                 疑问代词(who whom those what which

                 关系代词(who whose whom that which

                 相互代词(each other one another

                代词It的特殊用法

                           

 

考点一  人称代词

知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!

  1. 代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。

  2. 代词的用法

  1. 人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表示” “” “” “我们” “你们” “他们。请看下表:

       

     数

       格

 

  人 称   

单    数

复    数

主    格

宾   格

主   格

宾   格

  第一人称

we

me

we

us

  第二人称

 

you

 

you

you

you

  第三人称

he

him

they

them

 

  1. 人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:

    She is my English teacher.

  2. 宾格在句中作宾语。例如:

    They don’t want me to go there alone.

        Don’t worry. I can look after her.

  3. 宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。

    例如:--- Who’s that?    --- It’s me.

    注意:人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如:

            You cannot go into the hall with slippers.

    不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。

          人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中, 表示强调。例如:

            It was he who took away the necklace.

     是他拿走了那条项链。

          人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如:

            The ship is leaving. She’s on her first trip to Boston.

    轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。

          It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如:

            It is about 10 kilometers from here.

    离这儿大约有10公里。

          It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语, 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如:

          It is not easy to learn English well.

          It is good for you taking a walk after supper.

          I found it difficult to sleep.

          英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同, I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。 例如:

          You, he and I are all the winners.

          I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.

    考点二:物主代词

     

    物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。

     

         词  义

 类  型

我的

你的

他的

她的

它的

我们的

你们的

//它们的

形容词性物主代词

my

your

his

her

its

our

your

their

名 词性物主代词

mine

yours

his

hers

its

ours

yours

theirs

 

1)形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语, 后面跟名词。例如:

To our surprise, he has passed the exam.

 (2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如:

     May I use your bike? Mine is at school.  (作主语)

     Whose glasses are these?  They are hers.  ( 作表语)

     My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours?    (作宾语)

3)名词性物主代词可以与of 连用,相当于”of+名词所有格表示部分概念或带有一定的感情色彩 例如:

A friend of ours are waiting for us.

He is a friend of mine

 

考点三:反身代词

 

反身代词:用来表示某人自己的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示:

 

        词  义

 数

()自己

()自己

/ / 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己

单 数

myself

yourself

himself

herself

itself

复 数

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

 

 1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如:

       Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语)

       He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语)

       You’d better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)

  1. 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:

    teach oneself 自学

    learn by oneself 自学

    enjoy oneself过得愉快;玩得高兴

    help oneself to 随便吃/

    come to oneself 苏醒

    hurt oneself 受伤

    by oneself 独自

     

    考点四 不定代词

     

    初中阶段常用的普通不定代词,表格如下:

     

some;any

 

few;little

 

none;

one;

other

 

many;much

 

either;neither

 

each

both;all

 

2.普通不定代词的用法

(1)someany

someany均表示一些,既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词;some一般用于肯定句中,any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中。但在疑问句中,当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用some。如:

There aren't any students in the classroom.

Look! Some boys are playing football.

-Would you like some coffee?

-Yes, please.

(2)manymuch

many修饰可数名词复数,还可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how连用。much修饰不可数名词,也可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how连用。如:

How many bottles of water do you need?

He never eats so much breakfast.

(3)eitherneither

either 指两个之中的一个,neither指两个人或物中一个也不,常构成固定结构either/neither of+名词(或代词)的复数+谓语动词;当either...or...neither...nor...连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如:

Neither of the books is good.

Neither you nor he is wrong.

(4)bothall

both表示两者都,常与and连用;all三者或三者以上都,常与of连用。如:

Both she and I are students.

Both plans are good.

Jim, Lucy and Lily all agree to stay here.

(5)eachevery(限定词)

eachevery都表示每一each强调个体,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;every强调整体情况,修饰名词时谓语动词也要用单数形式。另外,each指两个或两个以上的人或事物,而every指三个或三个以上的人或事物。如:

There are trees on each side of the road.

Every student in Class 5 passed the exam.

Each of us wears a yellow T-shirt.

We each wear a yellow T-shirt.

  1. 区别other;the other;others;the others;another

不定代词

意义

用法说明

other

 

另外的

 

只作定语,常与复数名词连用;但如果前面有the,some,any,each,every,no,my,your,his等,则可与单数名词连用

the other

两者中的另一个

常与one连用,构成“one...,the other…”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示其余的全部

others

另一些

泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,可以构成some...others...

the others

其余的

特指其余所有的人或物

another

另一个

指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作限定词或代词

3.复合不定代词

(1)初中阶段常用的复合不定代词,列表如下:

Somebody

(某人)

anybody

(任何人)

nobody

(没有人)

everybody

(每个人)

someone

(某人)

anyone

(任何人)

no one

(没有人)

Everyone

(每个人)

something

(某事)

anything

(任何事)

nothing

(没有东西)

everything

(每一件事)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

如:

Do you have anything special to tell me today?

今天你有什么特别的事告诉我吗?

Listen to me , boys and girls . I have something to tell you .

同学们,听我说,我有一些事情要告诉你们。

(2)当句子陈述部分的主语是指人的复合不定代词,如everybody, nobody, anyone等时,其反意疑问部分的主语通常用代词they;当句子陈述部分的主语是指物的复合不定代词,如every-thing, anything, something, nothing等时,其反意疑问部分的主语通常用代词it。如:

Everybody is here, aren't they?

Everything is ready, isn't it?

(3)当形容词或else修饰复合不定代词 something,

everything,everyone等时,形容词或else必须放在这些词的后面。如:

Xiaoming, he has something important to tell you.

小明,他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。

Can you find anyone else?

你能再找其他人吗?

  1. everyone的意思等同于everybody,只能指人;every one既可指人也可指物,还可以和of短语连用。

    如:I'd like everyone to be happy.

    我希望人人都幸福。

    I have kept every one of her letters.

    我把她的每一封信都保存了下来。

    考点五 指示代词和it的用法

    指示代词:表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表

     

这,这个

 

那,那个

这些

那些

This

 

that

these

those

     指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如:

     Those are my parents. ( 作主语)

     Throw it like that.   (作表语)

     The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)

      These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)

注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西, 常用that, those 表示。 例如:

          I’m sorry to hear that.

( 2 )下文将要提到的事情, 可用these, this  表示, 起启下的作用。 例如:

Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.

(3)this/these

近指。如:

This is my pen.

These are my books.

指下文要提到的事。如:

Please remember this: No pain, no gain.

(2)that/those

远指。如:

That's her bike.

指前面刚刚提到过的事。如:

He was ill . That was why he didn't go to school .

3.打电话时用this介绍自己,that询问对方。如:

This is Mike speaking.

我是迈克。

Who's that ?

你是谁?

4.代词it

(1)指代前面提到过的事物。如:

The book on the desk is not mine. It is Jim's.

(2)代替指示代词thisthat。如:

——What's that?

——It is a pencil

(3)指代婴儿或不明身份的人。如:

Someone is knocking at the door.Please go and see who it is.

(4)指代时间或季节。如:

——What's the time now?

- It's ten o'clock .

(5)指代天气。如:

——What's the weather like today?

——It's sunny .

(6)指代距离。如:

How far is it from your school to your home?

5.it,one,that作替代词时的区别

(1)it特指上文提到的同一事物。如:

The book is mine. It's very interesting.

这本书是我的,它很有趣。

(2)one泛指上文提及的同类事物中的一个,同类而不物。如:

——Who has a pen?谁有钢笔?

—I have one.我有一支。

(3)that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以重复。如:

The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter

冬天北京的天气比广州的天气冷。

考点六:疑问代词

疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。

作主语: What make you so happy?

作宾语: Who / Whom is your manager talking with?

在口语中, 作宾语时 whowhom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:

About whom they are talking just now?

作定语: Which subject do you like best?

作表语: What’s your mother.

考点七:相互代词

相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如:

             We should help each other.

             The villagers have looked after one another these year.

             相互代词后可以加’s,表示所有关系。 例如:

             We put the presents in each other’s stocking.

题组训练代词填空

1__________of us went to see the film because we had money to buy tickets yesterday.

2.Tom and his father are__________ at work now.

3.__________if them is right

4 He is taller than__________ __________

5.Some students like pop music while __________don't in their school.

6.I want some __________books besides this dictionary.

7.___________(我们)love our country.

8.—Who is it?

—It's__________(我).

9.—This is my dictionary.Where is_____(你的)?

——It's over there , on the bed .

10.The little boy is too young to look after__________ (他自己).

11.__________(谁)are you talking to?

12.__________(谁的)book is this?

13-Would you__________like some apples ?

-Yes,please.

14.There are too __________(很多) mistakes in your exercises.

15.Either you or___________(我)am going to America.

16Is there__________ in the cup?杯子里有东西吗?

——No,there is __________(什么都没有)

【答案】

1.All 2.both 3.Neither 4.any other 5.others 6.other

7.We 8.me 9.yours 10 himself 11 Who/Whom 12.Whose13.some 14.many 15.I 16.anything;nothing

 

 


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