【知识清单】
特殊句式---感叹句
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
感叹句是表达喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊奇、惊讶等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由 what 或 how 引导。"what"和"how"与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。
一、 由"what"引导的感叹句："what"意为"多么"用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。
如： ① What a clever girl she is! 多么聪明的姑娘呀！
= What a clever girl!
② What an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀！
= What an interesting story!
③ What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子呀！
= What good children!
④ What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花呀！
= What beautiful flowers !
⑤ What delicious food it is! 多么有味的食物呀！
= What delicious food!
⑥ What heavy snow it is! 多么大的雪呀！
= What heavy snow!
二、由"how"引导的感叹句："how"意为"多么"，用作状语，修饰形容词、副词或动词（被强调部分）。如果修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词；如果how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词，
如： ① How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀！
② How nice the pictures are! 多么漂亮的图画呀！
③ How happy they look! 他们显得多么高兴呀！
④ How well she sings! 她唱得多好呀！
⑤ How hard they are working now! 他们干得多么起劲呀！
三、在表示同一意义时，英语感叹既可用"what"引导，也可用"how"引导。
如： ① What a hot day it is! = What a hot day！
= How hot the day is !
② What tall buildings they are! = What tall buildings！
=How tall the buildings are!
③ What bad weather it is! =What bad weather！
= How bad the weather is!
④ What bright sunshine it is! =What bright sunshine！
= How bright the sunshine is!
【知 识 清 单】
特殊句式---特殊疑问句
一、特殊疑问句和选择疑问句
1.特殊疑问句
用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能使用yes或no。特殊疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。
what 疑问词小结：
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what class 哪个班 |
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what grade 哪个年级 |
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what day 星期几 |
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what time 几点 |
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what color 什么颜色 |
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what language什么语言 |
how 疑问词小结：
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how 怎样
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how long多长时间（提问时间段） |
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how often多久一次（对频率提问） |
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how soon多久以后（对in短语提问） |
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how many多少（提问可数名词数量） |
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how much多少（提问不可数名词数量，也可提问价格） |
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how far多远（提问距离） |
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how heavy多重 |
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how wide多宽 |
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how tall/high多高 |
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how old多大（提问年龄） |
(3) 其他以“w”开头的疑问词小结：
when什么时候；
where哪里；
which哪一个；
who谁
whose谁的；
why为什么
选择疑问句
提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句中的两种或种以上的情况用or连接，回答时不能使用yes或no,而要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。
(1)一般选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+被选择音分？如：
-Do you like apples or pears?你喜欢苹果还是梨？
-I like pears.我喜欢梨。
(2)特殊选择疑问句：特殊疑问句，A or B?如：
-Which would you like better,tea or coffee?
-I like coffee better.
——你比较喜欢哪种，茶还是咖啡？
——我更喜欢咖啡。
特殊句式--反意疑问句
反意疑问句是附在陈述句之后，对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。反意疑问部分要与前面的陈述部分用逗号隔开，句末用问号。如果陈述部分是肯定结构，反意疑问部分就用否定结构，反之亦然。此问句可用yes或no来回答。反意疑问部分的主语要用代词，并与陈述部分主语一致，谓语动词在人称、数和时态上也要与陈述部分一致。
注意一、反义疑问句是疑问句的一种，它对陈述部分的事实提出相反的疑问，形式上是一个省略问句，附加在陈述句后，即： 陈述句 + 逗号 + 省略问句 + 问号
You are from America, aren’t you?
注意二、遵循前否定后肯定或前肯定后否定的原则 Jim isn’t in Class Four, is he?
注意三、附加疑问句必须前后两句主语相同
Mr Zhang has been here for four years, hasn’t he?
注意四、附加疑问句部分与主语不一致的若干情况如下（需牢记）
1． this 或that改it，无论是否指人
This is your brother, isn’t it?
2. these或those改they
Those are books ,aren’t they?
3. 不定代词one改one或he
One can’t be always young, can / he?
4. something、anything、everything和nothing改it
Nothing is serious, is it? (注意为什么后面用is it而不是isn’t it?)
Everything seems all right, doesn’t it?
5. everybody、everyone、somebody、someone、anybody、anyone、nobody改they或he（任选，但选定后注意单复数形式） Everyone knows this, don’t they / doesn’t he?
Nobody likes to lose money, does he?
6.each of改he或they
Each of the boys had an apple, didn’t he / they?
7. no one, none, neither, either改they 或he
No one came, did they?
8. some of…、none of …改it、they或you（联系上下文或句子）
None of the food was delicious, was it?
Some of the dustmen have come back, haven’t they?
9. 由neither…nor…、not only…but also、both…and…、either…or…、not…but…、…or…、…and…等连接的并列主语，改复数代词
Neither you nor I am wrong, are we?
Both Tom and Jack came, didn’t they?
10. 由动词不定式、动名词、从句或词组构成的主语，改it
To learn English well isn’t easy, is it?
Swimming is great fun, isn’t it?
11. the + 形容词表示一类人，改复数代词
The poor had no right (权力) to speak at the time, did they?
12. there 引起的句子（There be句型等），仍用there
There stands a house and a lot of trees, doesn’t there?
There are many children in the park, aren’t there?
注意五、附加疑问句部分与谓语不一致的若干情况如下（需牢记）(初中阶段14点18点和19点可以常识性了解)
1. have (有)改have或do
Mary has two brothers, doesn’t she / hasn’t she?
2. have (有)必须与陈述部分一致
He hasn’t a lot of time, has he?
Miss Green doesn’t have any money in her pocket, does she?
3. have不做“有”解释，必须用do
They all have a good time, don’t they?
4. have to用do或have
We have to get up early, don’t we / haven’t we?
5. have got to用have
We have got to answer all the questions, haven’t we?
6. had better用should或had
We had better go right now, shouldn’t we / hadn’t we?
7. can’t（不可能，表示推测）根据can’t或的动词选择相应的形式
He can’t be a doctor, is he?
The workers can’t have finished their work, have they?
8. may 用may + 主语 + not （英语中不用mayn’t）
They may be here next week, may they not?
9. must(必须)用needn’t
You must do it today, needn’t you?
10. must(应该)用mustn’t I must study hard, mustn’t I?
11. mustn’t用must或may
You mustn’t talk like that, must you?
We mustn’t stay here any longer, must we?
12. “must be”对现在情况进行推测作一般现在时或现在进行时的附加疑问句进行处理
2 反义疑问句
He must be happy, isn’t he?
He must be working hard at the office, isn’t he?
must表示推测时，也有用mustn’t的
He must have been working very hard, mustn’t he?
You must have told Mr Wang the secret, mustn’t you?
13. “must + 完成时”表示对过去情况的推测，作一般过去时附加疑问句处理
He must have come yesterday, didn’t he?
You must have seen the play last week, didn’t you?
14. “must + 完成时”用来推测过去的动作持续到现在按现在完成时的附加疑问句来处理
You must have studied English for years, haven’t you?
He must have lived here for at least ten years, hasn’t he?
14. 实义动词need和dear用do
He needs help, doesn’t he?
I have never dared to ask him, have I?
15. 情态动词need和dear用need和dear
He dare not say so, dare he?
We need not do it again, need we?
16. needn’t 用need或must
You needn’t go yet, need you?
He needn’t do that, must he?
17. “ would rather + 动词原形”和“would like to + 动词原形”用wouldn’t
He would rather read the text ten times than recite it, wouldn’t he?
You’d like to have some bananas, wouldn’t you?
18. “ought to + 动词原形”用oughtn’t 或shouldn’t
The child ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?
We ought to go there, shouldn’t we?
19. “used to + 动词原形” 用“didn’t + 主语”或“usedn’t + 主语”或“used + 主语 + not”
He used to live in London, usedn’t he / didn’t he?
He used to play football when he was a child , used he not?
注意六、句子中有seldom, hardly, no, not, never, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere等是否定句,附加疑问部分必须采用肯定形式
Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?
He is hardly able to swim, is he?
There is little ink in your pen, is there?
no one, nobody, none, nothing, neither等作动词的宾语时,附加疑问部分一般采用肯定形式(也偶尔用否定形式)
He has nothing to say, does(n’t) he?
You got nothing from him, did(n’t) you?
注意七、一些特殊句型的附加疑问句
1. I am…改aren’t I
I am your friend, aren’t I?
2. I wish to do sth或I wish I …改may I
I wish to go home, may I?
I wish I were you, may I?
3. 主从复合句,与主句的主谓语保持一致
He says that I did it, doesn’t he?
David wouldn’t go there if it rained, would he?
4. 并列句,与邻近的分句保持一致
Mary is a nice girl, but she had one short-coming, hadn’t she?
5. 表示邀请,请求的祈使句,附加疑问部分用will you或won’t you或would you等,一般只要记住will you就可以了,不遵循前否定后肯定或前肯定后否定的原则
Come here, will you?
Turn off the light, will you?
Do sit down, will you?
6. 表示告诉别人做某事的祈使句，用will you、can you、would you或can’t you、won’t you
Stop talking, can you?
Write down the new words, will you / won’t you?
7. 否定的祈使句用will you或can you
Don’t make a noise, will / can you?
8. Let me …用will you 或may I
Let me help you, may I?
Let me do it, will you?
9. Let’s …表示建议包括听话人在内，用shall we Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
10. let us …表示允许，不包括听话人在内，用will you Let us do it by ourselves, will you?
11. Let接第三人称宾语时用will you
Let him come in, will you?
12. Let’s not … 用OK或all right
Let’s not go to the party, OK / all right?
13. 感叹句用一般现在时be的形式（故事中用一般过去时be的形式）
What fine weather, isn’t it? How clever the boy is, isn’t he?
特殊句式---祈使句
祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型：
1.行为动词原形＋其它成分。例如：
Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。
2. Be动词＋其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如：
Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
3. Let＋宾语＋动词原形＋其它成分。例如：
Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧
祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分为以下三种类型：
1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，构成Don’t＋行为动词原形＋其它成分。例如：
Don’t say that again!别再那样说了！
2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，构成Don’t be＋其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。
3.在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用No＋名词/V-ing形式结构，表示禁止做某事。例如：
NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！
祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是形式一致，即Yes与will保持一致；No与won’t保持一致。二是意思相反，即Yes是不的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件
祈使句的回答
祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是形式一致，即Yes与will保持一致；No与won’t保持一致。二是意思相反，即Yes是不的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。
--- Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside.
请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport.
不行，我得去机场接我弟弟。
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