人教版英语必修四知识点总结
Unit1
（一）重点单词
1. achievement n. 成就；功绩
They are proud of their children’s achievements.
他们对于孩子们的成绩感到骄傲。
Although we have made some achievements, we still have a long way to go.
虽然我们已经取得了一些成就，但是我们仍然还有很长的路要走。
Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.
即使是小小的成功也会给你一种成就感。
知识拓展
achieve v. (凭长期努力)达到（某目标、地位、标准）；完成
He achieved his success after several years’ hard work.
经过几年的艰苦工作，他终于成功了。
I have achieved only half of what I had hoped to do.
我仅完成了我希望做到的一半。
2. connection n. 连接；关系；联系
Do you believe that there is a connection between smoking and a heart disease?
你相信吸烟与心脏病有关系吗？
The machine won’t work because of a faulty connection.
由于一个地方连接不对，机器无法运转。
He asked me many questions in connection with life in Britain.
他问了我许多与英国生活有关的问题。
His dismissal has no connection with the quality of his work.
他被解雇一事与他的工作质量无关。
知识拓展
connect v. 连接；把……联系起来；衔接
The two cities are connected by a railway.
这两个城市由铁路相连。
A new road was built to connect this town to / with New York.
新修了一条马路将这个小镇与纽约连接起来。
The discussion is connected with the incident.
这次讨论与这件事有关。
3. behave vi. & vt.（举止或行为）表现 behaviour n. 态度；行为；举止
He behaved badly towards the guests.
他对客人们很不礼貌。
How is your new car behaving?
你的新车性能怎样？
She behaves as if/though nothing had happened.
她显得像是什么事也没发生过。
Behave yourself; don’t make a fool of yourself.
注意你的举止，别闹出笑话来。
Their behaviour towards me shows that they don’t like me.
他们对我的态度说明他们不喜欢我。
4. worthwhile adj. 值得的，值得干的，值得花时间/金钱/精力的
Helping the disabled is a worthwhile activity.
帮助残疾人是一项很有意义的活动。
The smile on her face made it all worthwhile.
她脸上的笑容使得这一切都非常值得。
It’s worthwhile taking / to take the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.
给新雇员详细解释一下工作要求，费点事也是值得的。
词语辨析: worthwhile / worth / worthy
worth 作形容词时，意为“值得……的；有……价值的”，只能作表语，其后一般接动词-ing的主动形式来表达被动含义，或与表示价值方面的词连用，常用well修饰。
worthy可作表语或定语，用作定语时，意思是“有价值的；值得尊敬的”；用作表语时，意思是“值得……的；应得到……的”其结构为be worthy of sth. / being done; be worthy to be done.
The laptop is worth 10,000 yuan and it is well worth buying.
这台笔记本电脑值一万元，但很值得买。
It’s a worthy cause and is worthy of our hardworking.
这是一份高尚的事业，值得我们努力。
He who does his duty is worthy of being praised/ worthy to be praised.
凡是忠于职守的人都值得赞扬。
5. observe v. 观察；观测；看到；注意到；遵守；庆祝observation n. 观察力；言论
She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.
她花了多年时间观察并记录它们的日常活动。
She observed that all that chairs were already occupied.
她发现所有的椅子都有人坐了。
He observed a stranger hanging around the store.
他看到一个陌生人在商店附近闲逛。
She observed someone open the door.
她看到有人开了门。
Tom was observed to steal from the shop.
汤姆被人看到从商店里偷东西。
The law must be strictly observed.
这项法律必须严格遵守。
Do you observe Christmas in your country?
你们国家过圣诞节吗？
6. respect
(1) vt. 尊重；尊敬；敬重
The media should respect famous people’s privacy.
媒体应当尊重名人的隐私。
I respect you for your honesty.
由于你为人正直，我对你十分敬重。
(2) n. 尊重；敬重；（pl.）问候；敬意；方面
He has / shows no respect for the feelings of the others.
他不尊重别人的感情。
Give my respects to your wife. 请代我向你太太问好。
I can’t agree with your opinions in this respect.
在这一点上我不赞成你的意见。
7. argue (argument n. 争论；争吵；辩论)
(1) vt. 争吵；争论；辩论
He argued with Mary over / about the best place for a holiday.
他和玛丽争论关于度假的最好的地方。
He argued for / against the five-day week.
他赞成/反对一周五天工作制。
(2) vi. 主张；认为；说服
She argued that our attempt would be a waste of time.
她认为我们的尝试将是浪费时间。
I argued her into buying a new car.
我说服了她买一辆新车。
8. support
（1）支撑；维持；抚养；赡养
The chair isn’t strong enough to support that heavy man.
那把椅子不够结实，支撑不住那个大胖子。
Air, food and water are necessary to support life.
空气、食物和水是维持生命必不可缺的。
He has to work hard to support his family.
他必须努力工作养活一家人。
(2) 支持；拥护；赞成
His family and friends have given him lots of support.
家人和朋友给了他很多支持。
Only a few people spoke in support of the proposal.
只有几个人表示支持这个提议。
I don’t support his opinion.
我不赞成他的观点。
9. intend vt. 意欲；计划；打算
Do you intend making / to make a long stay here?
你打算在这里长待吗？
He intended his son to manage the company.
他打算让他的儿子经营这家公司。
The chair was intended for you, but she took it away.
那把椅子原来是为你准备的，可是让她拿走了。
The meeting is intended to deal with some important problems.
开这个会的目的是想解决一些重要问题。
I intended to have gone / I had intended to go to Beijing, but I didn’t get the tickets.
我本打算去北京的，但我没买到票。
She intended that her daughter should study English.
她打算让她的女儿学英语。
知识拓展
intention n. 意图；打算；目的
He has announced his intention to retire.
他已经宣布他要退休了。
I have no intention of going to the wedding.
我无意去参加婚礼。
He left England with the intention of travelling in Africa.
他离开英国，打算去非洲旅行。
10. considerate adj. 体贴的, 体谅的, 考虑周到的consideration n. 考虑，体谅
He is always considerate to old people.
他对老人一向体贴入微。
It was very considerate of you to send me a postcard.
你想得真周到，寄给我明信片。
After careful consideration, we’ve decided to accept their offer.
经过慎重考虑，我们决定接受他们的提议。
John never showed any consideration for his mother’s feeling.
约翰从来都不体谅他母亲的感情。
Your teacher will take your recent illness into consideration when judging your examination results.
老师评考分时肯定会考虑你最近生病的情况的。
The question is now under consideration. 这个问题正在考虑之中。
11. deliver vt. & vi. 递送；生（小孩）；接生；发表（演说等）delivery n. 移交；释放
The telegram was delivered early this morning.
这份电报是今天清晨送到的。
Mr. Smith delivered the opening speech.
史密斯先生致开幕词。
She had gone to a neighbouring village to deliver a baby.
她到附近一个村子里帮助接生去了。
She was delivered of a healthy baby.
她生下了一个健康的婴儿。
He delivered the thief over to the police.
他把小偷移交给警察。
（二）重点短语
1. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.
她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社会体系。
△ work out 解决、解答、计算出；产生结果、发展；锻炼；作出、制订出
I can’t work out where the music was coming from.
我弄不清这音乐是从哪儿传来的。
She worked out the problem with no difficulty.
她毫无困难地解决了这个问题。
Everything has worked out according to plan.
一切都按计划发展。
I want to try to follow David’s example but it never worked out for me.
我想仿效大卫的做法，但这对我不起作用。
These athletes work out at the gym for two hours every day.
这些运动员每天都要在体育馆锻炼两个小时。
It wasn’t too long before we had worked out a plan acceptable to all.
没多久我们就制订出一个大家都能接受的计划。
2. She is leading a busy life but she says …
她过着忙碌的生活，但是她说……
△ lead a …life = live a …life 过……的生活
Now they have retired and want to live a quiet life.
如今他们退休了，想过一种平静的生活。
Although he is very rich, he still leads a simple life.
尽管他非常富裕，但他仍旧过着简朴的生活。
3. Many people look down upon poor people. 很多人瞧不起穷人。
△ look down upon / on 蔑视；轻视；瞧不起
You mustn’t look down upon/ on the disabled.
你绝不能瞧不起残疾人。
知识拓展:
英语中常与look 搭配的其它短语
We look forward to seeing you again.
我们期待着与你再次相见。
The government will look into how to reduce unemployment.
政府将研究如何降低失业率。
They stood looking on while the man was robbed.
在那个人被抢劫时, 他们却站在那儿袖手旁观。
I look on him as a good friend.
我把他视为好友。
If there are words you don’t understand, look them up in a dictionary.
有生词就查字典。
I look up to Bill for his courage and determination.
我敬重比尔，因为他既勇敢又果断。
Tell the children to look out when they cross the main street.
告诉孩子们过大街时要当心。
Every time I try to fool him, he looks through my tricks.
我每次企图愚弄他都会被他识破。
The stranger looked around/round him with great interest.
那陌生人怀着极大的兴趣看着他的四周。
4. If the word group refers to different members, use a plural verb.
如果group（作主语）指的是各个成员，谓语动词用复数。
△ refer to指的是：提及；谈到；提到；查阅、参考
Does your remark refer to all of us?
你的评论指的是我们所有的人吗?
We agreed never to refer to the matter again.
我们一致同意永远不要再提这件事了。
She referred to the subject several times during her speech.
在演讲中她好几次提到这个话题。
Refer to the dictionary when you don’t know how to spell a word.
当你不知道怎么拼写一个词时，查阅一下词典。
All his classmates referred to him as “Black beard.”
他的同学都称他为“黑胡子”。
5. By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women’s diseases.
很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章，她是一名妇科专家。
△ by chance=by accident 偶然地，意外地
I met her quite by chance/accident.
我遇见她完全是偶然的。
I heard their talking by chance/accident.
我偶然听到他们的谈话。
△ come across 偶然发现，偶然遇见；被理解、接受
I came across him in the street yesterday.
昨天我在街上无意中碰到了他。
I came across her name on the list.
我无意中在名单上发现了她的名字。
He spoke for a long time but his meaning did not come across.
他讲了很久, 但没把意思讲明白。
知识拓展
英语中常与come搭配的短语还有：
How did the difference come about?
差别是如何产生的？
The question hasn’t come up yet.
问题还没提出来。
When will the dictionary come out?
那本字典什么时候出版?
6. Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work?
为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的伟大事业呢？
△ carry on 继续；坚持
We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
尽管条件极其困难，我们必须坚持下去，直到成功。
Anyhow, we should carry on with our research.
无论如何，我们必须坚持我们的研究。
If you carry on working like that, you will make yourself ill.
如果继续那样工作，你会生病的。
知识拓展
英语中常与carry搭配的短语
I had some difficulty in carrying out the plan.
实施这个计划我有些困难。
Their faith and courage carried them through.
他们的信心和勇气使他们渡过了难关。
本单元其它重要短语
fight for… 为……而战
concern oneself with /about关心，忙于
devote…to…把……奉献给……
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
as …as possible 尽可能……地
move off 离开；启程；出发
spend some time doing sth. 花费时间做某事
set up 成立；建立
crowd in （想法、问题等）涌上心头；涌入脑海
say to oneself心中暗想；自言自语
gain a doctor’s degree获得博士学位
catch sb.’s eye/attention引起某人注意
second to… 比……差；次于……
later on 以后
can not wait to do sth. 迫不及待地要做某事
of one’s own 属于某人自己的
prepare for… （使）为……作准备
（三）重（难）点句型
1. This means going back to the place where we left the chimp family sleeping in a tree the night before.
这就意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开时黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。
2. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.
只有在她母亲头几个月过来帮忙后，她才得以开始自己的计划。
△ only + 状语，位于句首，引起部分倒装。
Only in this way can we solve this problem.
只有用这种办法，我们才能解决这个问题。
Only then did I realize I was wrong. 此时此刻我才意识到自己错了。
注意：
Only when one loses something, can he know its value.
只有当一个人失去某样东西的时候，他才会知道它的价值。
Only Tom knew the result of the football match.
只有汤姆知道那场足球比赛的结果。
3. It was a small book explaining how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies. She gave some simple rules to follow for keeping babies clean, healthy and free from sickness.
这是一本小书，介绍如何在妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中降低死亡率。她提出一些可以遵循的简单的做法来保持婴儿清洁、健康，并让他们远离疾病。
△ 本句中explaining how to cut the death rate是book的后置定语，explain与 book 构成主动关系，故用v. –ing 形式。
The child standing over there is my brother.
站在那儿的（男）孩子是我弟弟。
They lived in a house facing south.
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
4. Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.
我突然想到，在那个年代，一个女子去学医是多么困难啊！
△ 本句中it hit me …意为“我突然想到（起）……”。
It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.
我突然想起，我把她的生日给忘了。
知识拓展
英语中类似的句型还有：
It suddenly struck me that we ought to make a new plan.
我突然想到, 我们应该制订一个新的方案。
It occurred to me that I had left the door unlocked.
我忽然想起来忘了锁门了。
5. Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school.
进一步阅读使我了解到，是苦干、决心和善良的天性使她走进了医学院的大门。
在英语中，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，即主谓一致。一般来说，主谓一致要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则
即在语法形式上取得一致，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。
1. 单数名词、不可数名词、单个动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
学习英语时大声朗读非常重要。
When they could finish the task is not known yet.
他们何时能完成任务还未知。
Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his / her name here.
要参加比赛的人请在这里签名。
注意：what引导的主语从句充当主语时，有时要以what所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。
What he said is true.
他所说的是真的。
What we need are more volunteers.
我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。
2. 由连接词and或both … and连接的名词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.
他说的话及行为极大地鼓舞了其他学生。
Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.
他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。
注意：有时，一些用and连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。
（1）用and连接的名词表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主语时
Bread and butter is nutritious for patients.
黄油面包对病人很有营养。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起使人健康、富有和聪明。
The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting.
那位书记兼经理在会上讲话。
（2）“each/every/no/ many a + 单数名词+ and + each/every/no/many a + 单数名词”作主语时
Every hour and every minute is precious.
每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。
No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall.
每个人都不允许进入大厅。
3. “名词+as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to+ 名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词同第一个名词的数保持一致。
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加宴会了。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab.
实验室只有一个老师和三个学生。
4. “more than one 或many a + 单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义为复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。
More than one student is against the decision.
不止一个学生反对这个决定。
Many a page in this book is missing.
这本书缺了许多页。
5. 不定代词either, neither, each, every 或no +单数、名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Nothing in the world moves faster than light.
世上没有什么东西比光传播得更快。
Each one of us has his own duty.
我们每个人都有自己的职责。
注意：若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数形式；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式都可以。
None of the money has been spent on repairs.
这笔钱没有花费在维修方面。
None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger.
乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。
6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定.
The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
这次的损害大部分都容易补救。
The rest of the books were returned to the library.
其余的书都归还给图书馆了。
The rest of the money was given to the villagers.
其余的钱都给了村民。
7.“a large amount of + 不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“large amounts of +不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。类似的结构还有“a large quantity of +可数/不可数名词”结构（谓语动词用单数）以及“large quantities of +可数/不可数名词”结构（谓语动词用复数形式）。
Quantities of food were spread out on the table.
许多食品被摊放在桌子上。
A large amount of damage was done in a short time.
在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。
8. 在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.
我是你的老师，我会尽全力帮助你的。
Those who have finished the work can go home first.
那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。
注意：“one of + 复数名词+who /which / that” 引导的定语从句中，若关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。若one 前有the (only/very / right ) 修饰时，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。
He was one of the students who were given a prize.
他是那些获奖的学生之一。
I was the only one in my office who was invited.
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
9. 由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，如：glasses，spectacles，shoes，boots， trousers / pants，compasses，chopsticks，scissors，socks等，谓语动词通常用复数，但这类词如用a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday.
昨天踢足球时我的眼镜被打碎了。
A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.
床底下有一双鞋。
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
这里有几双新鞋。
10. 由“kind / form /type / sort /species /series +of + 名词” 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome .
必须克服各种各样的困难。
This kind / sort of questions is very difficult. 这种问题很难。
（但Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult.谓语动词要用复数形式。）
（二）意义一致原则
即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的意义而不是形式所决定。当主语形式为单数，但意义为复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；但主语形式为复数，而意义却为单数时，谓语动词用单数形式。
1. 有些名词如people, cattle，police，trousers等没有单数形式， 作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数。
The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately.
警察立即被派往现场维持秩序。
Cattle were allowed to graze in this area.
允许牲畜在这个地区吃草。
2. 英语中一些单复数同形的名词作主语时，应根据其表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式，这类名词常见的有sheep，deer，fish，means， species，Chinese，Japanese，series等。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution.
为了防止大气污染，每一种方法都试过了。
All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.
为了使动植物的生命不受到威胁，所有的方法都试过了。
3. 有些集合名词，如public，family, enemy, audience，government，group，committee，team，media，staff，crew等作主语时， 谓语动词的数要根据其包含的意义而定。如果该名词表示一个整体，其谓语动词用单数形式；但如果这些集体名词表示集体中的若干个体时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.
情绪高昂的球队比较可能获胜。
The team are practicing hard on the playground.
队员们正在操场刻苦地训练。
The government has taken possible action.
政府已经采取了可能的措施。
The government are discussing the proposal.
政府正在讨论这项提案。
4. “the + 形容词或过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；如 “the + 形容词”指一个人或表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The wounded were saved by the villagers at last.
最后，伤员们被村民们救起。
The wounded in the accident was a policeman.
这次事故的受伤者是一名警察。
The beautiful is not always useful.
好看的并不总是有用的。
5. 有些以s结尾表示学科名称的词，如physics, mathematics, economics, politics等，以及用作书名、地名、国名、地区名的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Politics is a complicated subject.
政治是一门复杂的学科。
The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world.
《纽约时报》是世界上最具影响力的报纸之一。
6. 表示距离、长度、价值、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时，如作为一个整体来看待的话，谓语动词通常用单数。
Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance.
二十公里是一段相当长的距离。
Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time.
那时五十美金对我来说是一大笔钱。
7. “a number of ＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A large number of people have applied for the job.
很多人申请了这项工作。
The number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly at present.
目前中国学习英语的人数正在增加。
8. such作主语时要根据其所指的内容决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
Such is our plan.
这就是我们的计划。
Such are his words.
这些就是他所说的话。
（三）就近一致原则
即谓语动词的人称和数须与邻近的主语保持一致。
1. 在there be 结构、here 以及表示地点的介词词组位于句首引起的倒装句中，
谓语动词的人称和数应与最近的一个主语保持一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the office.
办公室中有两把椅子和一张桌子。
Here are my replies to your questions.
这些是我对你的问题的回答。
South of the lake stand two stone towers. 湖泊的南边有两座石塔。
2. 当either…or…；neither…nor…；not only…but also…；not…but…；or；nor等并列连词连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与邻近的主语保持一致。
Either he or you are to blame for it.
不是他就是你必须为此事负责。
Not you but I am responsible for the delay.
不是你而应是我应对这次的延误负责。
Unit2
（一）重点单词
1. struggle
(1) vt. & vi. 奋斗；挣扎；努力
She struggled to keep back her tears.
她努力地忍住泪水。
The poor had to struggle for life.
穷人必须为生活而努力。
They had to struggle with / against all kinds of difficulties.
他们必须和各种各样的困难作斗争。
The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet.
狮子突然发出一阵怒吼，挣扎着站了起来。
(2) n. 搏斗；斗争；努力；奋斗
It was a hard struggle to get my work done on time.
为使工作按时完成, 我做了一番努力。
2. hunger
(1) n. 饥饿；欲望
Many people die of hunger before liberation.
解放前很多人死于饥饿。
His hunger for/after excitement got him into a lot of trouble.
他寻求刺激的欲望给他添了许多麻烦。
（2）vt. & vi.（使）饥饿；渴望
There is no food; they have to hunger the children.
没有食物了，他们不得不让孩子们挨饿。
All the time she hungered for/after news from her youngest son.
她每时每刻都在渴望得到她小儿子的消息。
知识拓展
hungry adj. 饥饿的；渴望的
We’re hungry for news about our brother.
我们渴望得到弟弟的消息。
I’d rather go hungry than eat that.
我宁愿挨饿也不吃那东西。
3. disturbing adj. 令人烦恼的；令人不安的
It is disturbing that there has been an increase in crime in the last six months.
过去六个月里犯罪案件的增加令人非常不安。
知识拓展
disturbed adj. 心烦的；不安的 disturb vt. 打扰；扰乱；妨碍；使（人）心神不宁
I felt disturbed to hear of your illness.
听说你生病了，我感到不安。
Don’t disturb me while I am reading.
我读书的时候不要打扰我。
4. therefore adv. 因此，所以，因而
We have a growing population and therefore we need more food.
我们的人口在日益增长，所以我们需要更多的食物。
There is still much to discuss. We shall, therefore, discuss it at our next meeting.
要讨论的问题还很多，所以，我们将在下一次会议上讨论这个问题。
辨析：therefore/so
therefore是副词，放在句子中，前后要有逗号隔开。
so可以作连词，后接从句。
I was ill and therefore I couldn’t go to the party.
=I was ill so I couldn’t go to the party.
我病了所以不能去参加这个聚会了。
5. equip vt. & vi. 配备；装备; 使胜任 equipment n. [U] 装备；设备
Your education will equip you to earn a good living.
你所受的教育会使你过上富裕的生活。
Your training will equip you for your future job.
你的训练使得你能够胜任将来的工作。
He equipped his bike with a head light.
他给自行车装上了前灯。
Our lab is well/poorly equipped.
我们的实验室配备良好/简陋。
6. confuse vt. 使困惑，使迷惑；混淆
They asked so many questions that they confused me.
他们问了许多问题，都把我弄糊涂了。
I confused her with / and her sister because they were so alike.
我把她和她妹妹弄混了，因为她们长得太像了。
We are confused by a lot of information.
我们被大量的信息搞糊涂了。
知识拓展
confused adj. 困惑的confusing adj. 令人费解的；使人困惑的 confusion n. 困惑，糊涂
I am still a bit confused about what happened.
我对发生的事仍有点困惑。
The instructions on the box are very confusing.
盒子上的使用说明令人费解。
7. regret
(1) vt. 遗憾；后悔
He regretted his carelessness.
他对自己的粗心大意感到懊悔。
I regret that I shall not be able to come.
很遗憾，我不能来。
They regretted not having taken / not taking his advice.
他们后悔没有听他的建议。
I regretted to tell you you hadn’t passed the driving test.
我很遗憾地告诉你你没有通过驾驶执照的考试。
（2）n. 懊悔；遗憾
He told me with regret that he couldn’t come to the party.
他很抱歉地对我说他不能参加这个聚会了。
I felt great regret about /for what I had said to him.
我真后悔对他说了那样的话。
Much to my regret, I am unable to accept your invitation.
非常抱歉，我不能接受你的邀请。
8. reduce vt. 减少，缩小；降低reduction n. 减少，缩小；减少的量
They’ve reduced the prices in the shop, so it’s a good time to buy.
商店已经降低了商品的价格，看来现在是买东西的好时候。
The number of the students in our school reduces by 20% this year.
今年我们学校学生的数量减少了20%。
She reduced her weight to 45 kilograms.
她的体重减轻到45公斤。
9. focus
(1) vt. & vi. 集中(注意力、精力等)；聚焦
Focus your camera. 把照相机的焦距调准。
He focused the sun’s rays on a paper with a burning glass.
他用一面凸透镜把阳光聚焦在纸上。
Today we’re going to focus on the question of homeless people.
今天，我们主要讨论无家可归者的问题。
You must focus/fix / concentrate your attention on your work.
你必须把注意力集中到你的工作上。
All eyes were focused on him when he came in.
他进来时大家都注视着他。
（2）n. 焦点；（活动、注意力、兴趣等的)中心
She was the focus of everyone’s attention at the party.
她是聚会上大家注意的焦点。
10. comment
(1) vi. & vt. 表达意见；作出评论
He commented that she was not fit for the job.
他评论说她不称职。
I won’t comment on what people say.
对人们说的话我不作评论。
(2) n. 评论；议论
The scandal caused a lot of comment. 这件丑闻遭到很多议论。
He made several favorable comments about / on their candidates.
他对他们的候选人发表了一些有利的评论。
（二）重点短语
1. Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.
多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的方法。
△thanks to幸亏；由于；因为
Thanks to your help, much trouble was saved.
多亏你的帮助，减少了许多麻烦。
Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled.
因为天气不好, 比赛被取消了。
知识拓展
英语中表示“由于；因为”这一意思的其他短语还有：because of /owing to /due to / on account of /as a result of
The team’s success was largely due to her efforts.
该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。
Owing to the rain, the meeting has to be put off.
会议因雨而推迟了。
△rid sb./sth. of... 使某人/某物摆脱……；从……中解脱
You should rid yourself of the bad habit.
你应该改掉那个坏习惯。
I tried all kinds of ways to rid the kitchen of mice.
我使用各种各样的方法除去厨房的老鼠。
知识拓展
英语中常见的与rid 搭配的短语还有：
She was glad to be rid of him.
她因摆脱了他而感到高兴。
I have tried all sorts of medicines to get rid of this cold.
为了治好感冒， 我已经试用了各种药物。
2. Dr. Yuan is quite satisfied with his life. 袁博士对自己的生活非常满足。
△be satisfied with… = be content with… 对……感到满足或满意
I’m sure you’ll be satisfied with our product.
我相信您会满意我们的产品的。
One shouldn’t be satisfied with only a little success.
一个人不应该只因一点小成就而感到满足。
知识拓展
△satisfy vt. 使满意；满足
Nothing satisfies him—he is always complaining.
什么事情都不能让他满意—他总是在抱怨。
Her father tried his best to satisfy her demands.
她的父亲想尽一切办法来满足她的要求。
△satisfied adj. 满意的；满足的 satisfying= satisfactory adj. 令人满意的
When she had finished her meal, she gave a satisfied smile.
当她吃完饭后，她露出了满意的笑容。
I’m not at all satisfied to be appointed to this post.
我一点也不满意被分配到这个岗位上。
It’s a most satisfying meal.
这是一顿很令人满意的饭。
What he did is far from satisfactory.
他所做的远不能令人满意。
△satisfaction n. 满意，满足
Much to my satisfaction, my boss agreed to my suggestion.
令我非常满意的是老板同意了我的建议。
It gives me a sense of satisfaction that I can play a role.
我能起点儿作用使我有一种满足感。
3. He would rather keep time for his hobbies.
他更愿意把时间花在自己的业余爱好上。
△would rather 宁愿……
I would rather go out tonight, if you don’t mind.
如果你不介意的话, 我宁愿今晚出去。
“Some more wine?” “Thank you, I’ d rather not. I have to drive home.”
“再来一点酒好吗?”“不要了，我不能再喝了。我还得开车回家呢。”
I’ d rather walk than take a bus.
= I prefer to walk rather than take a bus.
= I would walk rather than take a bus.
我愿意走路而不愿意坐公共汽车。
John wants to see me today. I would rather he came tomorrow.
约翰今天想来看我。我宁愿他明天来。
I’d rather you hadn’t told me about that.
我宁愿你未曾把那件事告诉我。
I would rather not have taken his advice.
我宁愿没有听他的建议。
4. These chemicals in the food supply build up in people’s bodies over time.
随着时间的推移，食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积。
△build up 逐步建立，增进，增强，使扩大
Traffic is building up along the road to the coast.
通往海边的道路上的车辆在不断增加。
Try and build up his confidence a bit.
试试让他增加点对自己的信心。
You need a lot of fresh fruits to build up your body.
你需要多吃新鲜水果来增强你的体质。
You will need to build up your strength slowly after the operation.
手术后你要慢慢恢复体力。
We are trying to build up overseas markets for our cars.
我们正设法为我们的汽车开拓海外市场。
5. Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illness.
这些化学物质有些会引起癌症或其他疾病。
△lead to 导致；造成（后果）；通向（无被动语态）
Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.
吃太多糖会导致健康问题。
His actions could lead to him losing his job.
他的行为有可能会导致他丢了工作。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
知识拓展
英语中常见的lead的其他用法：
We are leading a happy life.
我们过着幸福的生活。
I tried to lead the discussion to the main issue.
我试图把讨论引到主要话题上。
What led him to kill his wife?
是什么致使他杀死了自己的妻子？
6. This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals.
这还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染。
keep...free from/of = protect sb./sth. from... 使……免受(影响/伤害)；使……不含(有害物)
Balanced diet and proper exercise keep you free from disease.
均衡的饮食和适当的锻炼能让你远离疾病。
We should keep ourselves free from drugs. 我们应该远离毒品。
知识拓展
英语中常见的与free搭配的短语还有：
Relaxation exercises can free your body of tension.
放松的运动可以舒缓身体的紧张感。
A judge shall be free from / of prejudice.
法官应该不带偏见。
The delivery is free of charge. 免费送货。
本单元其它重要的短语
search for 寻找
in addition 而且；还有
turn to 转向；求助于
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
graduate from… 从……毕业
less developed countries欠发达国家
lead a …life过着……的生活
care about 关心；在乎
with the hope of… 怀着……的希望
care for 喜欢；照料
cause damage to… 对……造成破坏
be full of 充满
prevent …from …阻止……干某事
avoid doing… 避免做……
（三）重（难）点句型
1. Have you ever grown any plants? If so, what did you do to grow them? If not, what kind of plant would you like to try growing?
你种过植物吗？如果种过的话，你是怎么种植的？如果没有种过的话，你想要尝试种植什么植物？
△ If so为省略句式，意为“如果是这样的话”，if用作连词，so 用来代替上文的内容，以避免重复。If not 意为“如果不是这样的话，否则，要不然”，意义与If so 相反。
You may have some difficulty at first. If so, ring us.
一开始你可能会有些困难，如果是这样的话，给我们打电话。
Get up early tomorrow. If not, you will miss the early train.
明天早点起床，否则你将错过早班列车。
Are you feeling cold here? If not, how about opening the window?
你觉得这儿冷吗？要是不冷，把窗户打开怎样？
知识拓展
英语中有类似用法的句型还有：
I don’t know if there are some mistakes in my composition. If any, please point them out.
我不知道我的作文中是否有一些错误，如果有的话，请指出来。
If necessary, give me a ring.
如有必要的话, 打个电话给我。
I’ll help you if possible. 如果可能的话，我会帮助你。
2. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
1974年，他成了世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。
△不定式放在表示次序的词如the first, the last以及the only, the very, the right, the best等词后面作定语,且与所修饰的名词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
He is always the first (student) to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个来和最后一个离开的（学生）。
I think he is the right person to tell her about this.
我认为他是告诉她这件事的最合适的人选了。
3. Using his hybrid rice, framers are producing harvest twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻， 农民种出的粮食是以前的两倍。
△“…times as+形容词、副词的原级+ as”为常见的倍数表达法，意为“是……的几倍”。
This room is three times as big as that one.
这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。
知识拓展
英语中常见的倍数表达法还有：
This room is twice bigger than that one.
= This room is three times the size of that one.
这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。
The output of TV sets in our factory is 15 times that of ten years ago.
= The output …is 15 times what it was ten years ago.
我们厂电视机的产量是10年前的15倍。
4. This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields.
这种特殊的稻种使得同样多的田地多收获三分之一的产量。
动词-ing的形式一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词、形容词或副词， 在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
（一）动词-ing的形式
|
|
主动形式 |
被动形式 |
意义 |
|
一般式 |
doing |
being done |
表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 |
|
完成式 |
having done |
having been done |
表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前 |
|
其否定形式是在doing前加not |
|||
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help being persuaded into buying something they don’t really need.
购物时，人们有时会情不自禁地被说服去购买不是自己真正需要的东西。
Tony was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.
托尼因未被邀请去参加宴会而感到非常生气。
（二）动词-ing形式作主语
1. 动词-ing形式作主语时，主要有三种形式。
（1）动词-ing直接置于句首主语的位置上
Playing tricks on others is something we should never do.
捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的。
Saying is easier than doing.
说起来容易做起来难。
（2）用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语移置句尾，以保持句子平衡。常见句型有：
It is / was a waste of time / money doing ….做……是浪费时间或金钱
It is / was useless / no use / no good doing …做……是无用/无益的
It is/was worth/worthwhile doing …做……是值得的
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
It’s worth making the effort. 这事值得去做。
It’s a waste of time arguing about it. 争辩此事是在浪费时间。
(3) 在there is no 结构中通常用动词-ing形式作主语
常见的句型有：
There is/was no doing… 无法在……；不允许……
There is/was no sense (in) doing… 做……没有道理/意义
There is/was no use/ point (in ) doing… 干……无意义
There is no joking about such matter.
这种事开不得玩笑。
You don’t take advice so there is no point in asking for it.
你不听劝说，因此征求别人的意见也就没有什么意义了。
注意：
There is no need to do sth. 干……没必要，在此句式中to do 不可换为doing。
There is no need to tell her. 没有必要告诉她。
2. 动词-ing 形式作主语与不定式作主语的区别：
动词-ing 形式作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念，即泛指某种行为或动作；不定式作主语通常表示具体动作或具体意义。
Talking mends no holes. 空谈于事无补。
It’s an honor for me to be invited to the party.
我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。
3. 当动词-ing 形式用作主语时，其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词或名词所有格构成。
My sister’s being ill made me worried.
我姐姐病了，使我很担心。
Your being right doesn’t necessarily mean my being wrong.
你正确未必就意味着我错了。
（三）动词-ing形式作宾语
1. 动词-ing形式作动词（短语）的宾语。后接动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词（短语），常见的有：
avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest/advise, dislike, delay, escape, can’t help, give up, put off, imagine/fancy, mind, miss, practice, forbid, appreciate, risk, stand, admit等。
We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake.
我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。
Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper?
晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?
I suggest doing it in a different way.
我建议用另一种不同的方法做这件事。
2. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接动词-ing 形式作宾语， 但含义有所不同：
（1）在like，love，hate，prefer等动词之后，用v.-ing形式或不定式在意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点有所不同，动词-ing形式表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
He likes getting up early but doesn’t like to get up this morning，because he stayed up late last night.
他喜欢早起,但今天却因昨晚熬夜而不想早起。
（2）动词begin/start，continue，intend之后，用动词-ing形式或不定式均可，意义上无多大区别。
Price will continue rising / to rise. 物价将持续上涨。
What do you intend to do / doing next? 你下一步打算做什么？
（3）在动词forget，remember，regret之后，用动词-ing形式或不定式则意义会不同。动词-ing形式表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生，不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
I remember posting the letter. 我记得我已把信寄了。
I’ll remember to post the letter. 我会记着去寄信的。
I regret missing the report. 我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。
I regret to say I can’t take your advice.
我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。
（4）在try，mean，stop，go on，can’t help ,be used to 等后，接动词-ing形式或接不定式作宾语则意义会有所不同。
We must try to get everything done in time.
我们必须设法及时把一切做好。
Would you please try doing that again?
请你再试一下好吗？
I didn’t mean to make you angry.
我并不想叫你生气。
Choice always means giving up something.
选择总是意味着有所放弃。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完练习后，他们继续学习下一单元的生词。
After a short rest, they went on working.
短暂的休息之后，我们继续工作。
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.
工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。
He stopped talking when the teacher came in.
老师进来的时候，他停止了谈话。
I can’t help (to) do the housework. I am too busy.
我不能帮忙做家务了，我太忙了。
I can’t help thinking of my happy childhood.
我禁不住想起我幸福的童年。
Wood can be used to made paper.
木材可以被用来造纸。
He has been used to living alone.
他已经习惯了一个人生活。
（5）动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 等后可直接接动词-ing 形式作宾语，不可接动词不定式作宾语，但可以接不定式作宾语补足语。
We do not permit smoking in the room.
我们不允许在屋里吸烟。
Please permit me to say a few words.
请允许我说几句话。
（6）动词need, require, want 作“需要”讲时，其后接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式。
Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected.
你的作文需要修改。
His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
他的外套需要洗了。
3. 动词-ing 形式作介词的宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。
They two can never talk without smiling.
他俩谈话没有不笑的时候。
On hearing the news, all the students jumped with joy.
听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴地跳了起来。
What prevented you from joining us last night?
昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起？
注意：
to既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接动词-ing形式。
You must get used to washing your face with cold water.
你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。
He is looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.
他盼望今年暑假见到你。
英语中常见的带介词to的短语还有：
devote to，object to/ be opposed to, pay attention to，get down to，lead to，stick to，be equal to 等。
4. 动词-ing形式作宾语时，可用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置。
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place.
我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again?
你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？
5. 动词-ing 形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语由名词所有格/普通格、形容词性物主代词或代词宾格构成。
Do you mind my / me opening the window?
你介意我把窗户打开吗？
Can you imagine him / Jack / Jack’s cooking at home?
你能想象他/ 杰克在家做饭的样子吗？
Unit3
（一）重点单词
1. content
(1) adj. 满足的；满意的
People who aren’t content with what they have always feel depressed.
对已拥有的东西感到不满足的人总感到沮丧。
He is content to remain where he is now.
他安于现状。
（2）n. 满足；内容；目录；容纳的东西
I managed to understand the content of her speech.
我设法去理解她演讲的内容。
She dropped her purse and the contents fell out on the floor.
她的钱包掉到地上，里面的东西散落在地板上。
（3）vt. 对……满足；满足于
We should never content ourselves with book knowledge only.
我们切不可仅仅满足于书本知识。
2. astonish vt. 使惊讶；使震惊
The news he brought astonished everybody in the class.
他带来的消息使全班人都很吃惊。
It astonished me that he could be so thoughtless.
我真没料到他会如此轻率。
知识拓展
astonishing adj. 令人感到惊讶的；astonished adj. 感到惊讶的；astonishment n. 惊讶；惊奇
The jeep is driving through the forest at an astonishing speed.
那辆吉普车以惊人的速度穿过森林。
He was astonished to hear he had failed in the exam.
听到自己考试不及格的消息他感到很吃惊。
We were astonished at / by the news of her sudden death.
她突然去世的消息使我们感到震惊。
To my astonishment, it had completely disappeared.
使我吃惊的是，它消失得无影无踪了。
He stared at the sight in astonishment.
他惊奇地看着这一景象。
3. bored adj. 厌烦的；厌倦的
After a while, I began to get bored with my work.
过了一段时间，我开始厌倦我的工作。
The children quickly got bored with staying indoors.
孩子们很快就厌倦呆在屋子里了。
知识拓展
boring adj. 令人厌倦的；bore vt. 使厌烦
He is such a boring man!
他就是这么惹人烦的一个人。
There is so much noise and she is bored to death.
嘈杂声太大，她都快烦死了。
4. entertain vt. 使欢乐；款待
Could you entertain the children for an hour, while I make supper?
我做晚饭时，你能哄孩子们玩一个小时吗？
He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes.
他既讲故事又说笑话，把我们逗乐了几个小时。
Bob and Liz entertained us to dinner last night.
昨晚鲍勃和利兹设宴招待了我们。
知识拓展
entertaining adj.愉快的；有趣的；entertainer n. 表演者；艺人 entertainment n. 娱乐；款待
I found the talk both informative and entertaining.
我发现这种谈话既有知识性又有趣味性。
He fell in the water, much to the entertainment of the children.
他掉进水里，逗得孩子们乐不可支。
5. throughout
(1) prep. 遍及；贯穿
The disease spread throughout/ all over the whole Africa.
这种疾病蔓延到了整个非洲。
It poured with rain throughout / all through the night.
大雨下了整整一夜。
(2) adv. 到处；始终；全部
I watched the film and cried throughout.
我看那部电影时从头哭到尾。
6. failure
(1) [U] 失败
He is too proud to admit failure.
他太骄傲了，不肯承认失败。
To my disappointment, all my efforts ended in failure.
令我失望的是，我所有的努力都以失败告终。
(2) [C] 失败的人或事
As a musician he was a failure, but as an artist, he was a great success.
作为音乐家他是个失败者，但作为艺术家，他非常成功。
7. overcome vt. & vi.（overcame; overcome）战胜；克服；被(感情等)制服
He has enough courage to overcome the difficulty.
他有足够的勇气来克服这个困难。
They overcame the enemy easily.
他们轻松地战胜了敌人。
They were overcome with sadness.
他们悲痛欲绝。
8. convince vt. 使信服；使确信
His argument is too weak to convince me.
他的论点太薄弱了，说服不了我。
We convinced him to go by train rather than plane.
我们说服了他坐火车去，不要搭飞机去。
How can I convince you of her honesty?
我怎样才能使你相信她很诚实呢?
I couldn’t convince him that he was wrong.
我无法使他明白他错了。
知识拓展
convincing adj. 令人信服的convinced adj. 信服的，相信的
Nobody has come up with a convincing explanation of why dinosaur die out.
没有人能对恐龙的灭绝作出一个令人信服的解释
I am convinced of his guilt / that he is guilty.
我确信他有罪。
9. direct
(1) vt.&vi. 导演；指示；指挥；指引
He prefers to act rather than direct.
他宁愿当演员也不愿当导演。
Can you direct me to the station?
你能告诉我到车站怎么走吗?
（2）adj. 径直的；直接的；直率的
She has a direct way of speaking.
她说话直爽。
There is a direct train to Leeds.
有一列直达利兹的火车。
(3) adv. 径直地；直接地
It costs more to fly direct to Hong Kong.
直飞香港的航班票价要高一些。
10. particular adj. 特别的，特殊的，挑剔的
I have nothing particular to do today.
我今天没有特别的事情要做。
She is very particular about her clothes.
她对衣服特别挑剔。
The whole meal was good but the wine in particular was excellent.
整顿饭都很好，尤其是葡萄酒更好。
11. occasion n.时刻；场合；时机
On one occasion, she called me in the middle of the night.
有一次，她深更半夜给我打电话。
I only wear a tie on special occasion.
我只有在特殊的场合才打领带。
知识拓展
occasional adj. 偶尔的；临时的 occasionally adv. 偶尔；有时
He has been known to lose his temper on occasion/occasionally.
大家都知道他有时会发脾气。
There will be occasional showers during the day.
白天将偶有阵雨。
12. whisper
(1) ｎ. 耳语；低语
They sat at the back of the room, talking in whispers/ in a whisper.
他们坐在房间的后面低声私语。
(2) vt. & vi. 低语；小声说
Don’t you know it’s rude to whisper?
你难道不知道窃窃私语是不礼貌的吗？
She whispered to me that she felt very afraid.
她小声地对我说她觉得很害怕。
13. mess
（1）n. 脏或乱的状态
She cleared up the mess from the table.
她把桌子上乱七八糟的东西收拾好。
The room was in a terrible mess.
这个房间杂乱不堪。
I feel I’ve made a mess of things.
我觉得我把事情弄糟了。
(2) vt. 把……搞乱；把……弄脏
Don’t mess up the house while I am away.
我不在的时候别把屋子弄得乱七八糟。
14. react vi. 作出反应；回应 reaction n. 反应；回应
How did Wilson react to your idea?
威尔逊对你的想法有什么反应？
She reacted to the insult by turning her back on him.
她受辱之后就不再理他了。
His parents’ reaction to the news was surprising calm.
他父母对那消息的反应出乎意料的平静。
（二）重点短语
1. …and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin.
……到现在为止还没有人（在这方面）做得比查理·卓别林更好。
△up to now 到现在（目前）为止，一般用于现在完成时。
Up to now, the work has been quite smooth.
到目前为止，工作很顺利。
Up to now I haven’t worked out the meaning of the word.
直到现在我还没明白那个词的意思。
2. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother.
不幸地是他的父亲去世了，整个家庭的状况更糟了，所以查理在童年时期就要照顾生病的母亲和弟弟。
△ worse off是 badly off 的比较级，badly off穷的；缺少的
They are too badly off to have a holiday.
他们贫困得根本谈不上度假。
We shouldn’t complain about being poor — many families are much worse off.
我们不应该因为穷而叫苦连天——许多人的家境更糟。
知识拓展
badly off的反义词为 well off富的；富有的
His family is not very well off. 他家不太富裕。
3. Charlie first picked out the laces and eats as if they were spaghetti.
查理首先挑出鞋带来吃，像是吃意大利面条一样。
△ pick out挑出；选出；辨别出
She was picked out from hundreds of applicants for the job.
她是被从数百位申请人里挑选出来做这份工作的。
He picked out his sister from the crowd.
他从人群中认出了他的姐姐。
知识拓展
pick up
(1) 拾起，捡起
She picked up all the pieces on the floor when she left the classroom.
当她离开教室时，她把地上所有的碎片都捡了起来。
(2) 无意中学会
She soon picked up some French when she went to live in France.
她到法国居住后很快就学会了一些法语。
（3）收听，接收
My radio can pick up the BBC programs very clearly.
我的收音机能非常清楚地收听到英国广播公司的国际广播节目。
(4) 恢复健康，恢复体力
He soon picked up after a few days’ rest.
他休息了几天，身体很快复原了。
(5) 搭载；接某人
I’ll pick you up at 8 o’clock. 我会八点去接你。
4. Then he cut off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak.
然后他切下鞋子最上边的皮革，好像那是最好的牛排一样。
△ cut off切掉；切断（水、电、煤气等）供应；中断（联系），打断（谈话）；使……隔绝
She cuts off a big piece of beef from the steak.
她从牛排上切下一大块肉来。
The water supply has been cut off for several days in the city.
这个城市的水供应已经被切断好几天了。
They were cut off in the middle of their conversation on the phone.
他们的电话会议被中断了。
She feels very cut off living in the country.
她住在乡下感觉与世隔绝。
知识拓展
常见的与cut搭配的短语还有：
I must cut my expenses down. 我必须削减我的开支。
It’s bad manners to cut in when people are talking.
在人们谈话时插嘴是不礼貌的。
I cut up the meat for dumplings.
我把这些肉切碎来包饺子。
I usually cut across the park on my way home.
我回家常抄近路，从公园里走。
You can cut out the unimportant details.
你可以删掉不重要的细节。
本单元其它重要的短语：
break into 强行闯入
look after 照顾；照料
as time went by = with time going by 随着时间的推移
throughout/ all over the world 全世界
in search of 寻找
star in 担任主角；主演
look up at 仰望
think of 想起；想到
（三）重（难）点句型
1. Not that Charlie’s own life was easy!
倒不是说查理自己的生活是轻松的。
△ not that“并非，倒不是说”，用于句首或短语之前，表否定含义。
Mary has a new job—not that I care.
玛丽有一份新工作—那我倒不关心。
Not that I hate the work. I am not strong enough for it.
并非我讨厌这份工作。 而是我不够强壮，无法胜任。
知识拓展
not that …but that “不是因为……而是因为……”；“不是……而是……”，用于肯定一个原因，否定另一个原因，或者肯定一个判断，否定另一个判断。
He felt a bit worried, not that they were not working hard, but that they did not pay enough attention to safety.
他有些担心，倒不是因为他们不努力工作，而是因为他们不够注意安全。
Not that I am not willing to go with you, but that I am busy now.
并不是我不愿意跟你去，而是我现在很忙。
2. You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk.
你会觉得震惊，卓别林则会讲话的时候就被教唱歌，刚会走路的时候就学跳舞。
△ 此句中it作形式宾语，that从句是真正的主语；astonishing是动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，与宾语构成主谓关系。
It is hardly surprising that rumors continue to circulate.
谣言继续散播就不足为奇了。
I’ m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
很抱歉让你久等了。
3. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off…
不幸地是他的父亲去世了，整个家庭的状况更糟了……
△ 本句中leaving the family even worse off…为现在分词短语作结果状语，表示顺其自然的结果。
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
他父母双亡，成了孤儿。
European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
八十个国家踢欧式足球，使它成为世界上最流行的运动。
知识拓展
动词不定式也可作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果。
He hurried to the bus stop, only to find the bus had left.
他匆匆忙忙去了车站，结果发现车已经离开了
。
（一）动词的ing形式作表语
1. 动名词作表语一般表示抽象的、习惯性的行为，这时主语与表语的位置可以互换。
Her duty is taking care of the babies.
照看婴儿是她的职责。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐
2. 现在分词作表语，表明的是主语的性质与特征，相当于形容词，可有比较级形式，亦可被very, quite，so等副词修饰，这时主语与表语的位置不可互换
The music they are playing sounds exciting.
他们演奏的音乐是如此令人兴奋
The film we saw last night is quite moving.
我们昨晚看的电影十分感人。
（二）动词的ing形式作定语
1. 动名词作定语，表示该名词的用途或与其有关的动作，通常只能放在所修饰的名词前。
a walking stick手杖 reading room 阅览室 washing machine洗衣机
2. 现在分词作定语，说明所修饰的名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态，现在分词与所修饰的名词具有逻辑上的主谓关系，可换成定语从句来表达，单个的现在分词作定语常置于被修饰的名词前，现在分词短语作定语须置于被修饰的名词后。
Nobody can stop the running horse(=the horse that is running).
没人能阻止那匹奔跑的马。
The student making the experiment(=who is making the experiment) is our monitor.
正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。
（三）动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，这时宾语与宾补之间构成主谓关系，主要用于以下两类动词之后：
1. 表示感觉和状态的动词，如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice，catch，observe等。
I felt someone patting on the shoulder.
我感到有人拍了拍我的肩膀
I caught a stranger sliding into the manager’s office.
我无意中发现一个陌生人溜进了经理的办公室。
2. 表示“指使”等意义的动词，如have, set, keep, get, leave等
Do you think you can get the radio working ?
你认为你能修好这台收音机吗？
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting long.
对不起，让你久等了
知识拓展：
感官动词和使役动词后，除用动词-ing形式作宾语补足语外，还可以用省略to 的不定式（强调动作的完成，指全过程）及过去分词（宾语与宾补之间构成被动关系）作宾补。
I saw the thief get on the train and disappeared .
我看见那个贼上了火车，消失了。
There was so much noise in the hall that I couldn’t make myself heard.
大厅里太嘈杂了，我说话的声音无法被别人听到。
（四）现在分词（短语）（动词-ing形式）作状语
1. 现在分词（短语）作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，分词必须和句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。现在分词作状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随情况等。
（1）表示时间，作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句，有时可以在动词-ing 形式前加一个表示时间的连词，如when，while等。
Turning away (= When she turned around ), she saw a car driving up.
转过身来，她看见一辆车开过来了。
While shopping(= While I was shopping ) in the supermarket , I met an old friend of mine.
在超市购物时， 我碰到了一个老朋友。
Having finished(=After he had finished ) the homework , Henry went home.
完成作业后，亨利就回家了。
(2）表示原因，作原因状语， 相当于原因状语从句。
Not knowing his telephone number (= Since I didn’t know …) , I couldn’t get in touch with him.
由于不知道他的电话号码， 我无法和他取得联系。
Having lived in London for many years (= Because I have lived …) , I almost know every place quite well.
在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。
（3）表示结果，作结果状语，相当于结果状语从句。通常放在句末，中间有逗号隔开， 表示一种自然的、顺理成章的结果。
The fire lasted nearly a month , leaving nothing valuable ( = and left nothing valuable).
大火持续了近一个月， 几乎没剩下有用的东西。
His parents died in the accident, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母在车祸中丧生，以致他成了孤儿。
(4)表示条件，作条件状语， 相当于条件状语从句。
Being more careful ( = If you are more careful), you can make fewer mistakes.
如果你更细心点， 就会少犯错误。
Working hard( = If you work hard ), you will succeed.
努力工作，你会成功的。
(5)表示让步，作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句，有时分词前可带有连词although , even if , even though.
Admitting what you say ( = Although I admit what you say ) , I still think you are wrong.
虽然承认你所说的话，但我仍然认为你错了。
Although repeating his words many times( = Although the teacher repeated …) , the teacher couldn’t make his students understand.
尽管重复了许多次，老师还是无法让学生理解他自己所说的话。
(6)表示方式、伴随或补充说明。
分词短语表示方式、伴随或补充说明时，常用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。 一般情况下，分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，常置于句末，可以用并列句来转换。
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word ( = and didn’t dare to say a word).
我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。
He was walking along the street , looking this and that (= and looked this and that ).
他左顾右盼地在街上走着。
When people heard about Qu Yuan’s death , they sailed up and down the river searching for his body(=and searched for his body ).
人们听到屈原的死讯后，在江上来来回回地寻找他的尸体。
2. 现在分词作状语时应注意的问题。
(1)现在分词作状语时，要注意分词的时间性。当分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般式。当现在分词的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生时，用分词的完成式。
Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address.
因为没听出这个人的声音，他没把自己的地址给他
Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him.
因为没收到父亲的信，他决定打个电话给父亲
(2) 有时现在分词（短语） 有自己的逻辑主语，它们之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，称之为独立主格结构。
It being a holiday , all the shops were shut.
由于是假期，所有的商店都关门了。
Class being over, children could play football.
下课了，孩子们可以踢足球了。
(3)动词-ing 形式可以作插入语，在句中作独立成分，表明说话人的态度。
常见的有：
generally / frankly (honesty ) / exactly(properly)/ speaking
一般/坦白/确切/严格来说
judging by / from …从……判断
considering …考虑到……
supposing …假设……
seeing …因为；鉴于；由于……
Generally speaking , the Chinese prefer tea to coffee.
一般来说，中国人爱喝茶而不爱喝咖啡。
Judging from his accent , he is from the south.
从他的口音判断，他是南方人。
Unit4
（一）重点单词
1. represent vt. 代表；象征；表现, 描绘
representation n. 表现形式；图画；雕塑
representative n. 代表；代理人
The painting represents the scene of a bumper harvest.
这幅画描绘了丰收的景象。
The Foreign Minister represented the country at the conference.
外交部长代表该国出席大会。
The dove represents peace.
鸽子象征和平。
2. curious adj. 好奇的，感兴趣的
The child was curious about everything around him.
这个孩子对他身边的每一件东西都感到很好奇。
I was curious to know the results of the exam.
我极想知道考试的结果。
It’s curious that he didn’t tell you that thing.
他没有告诉你那件事，真是反常。
知识拓展
curiosity n. 好奇
I asked out of mere curiosity. 我只不过是出于好奇问问罢了。
Her father tried his best to satisfy her curiosity.
她的父亲想尽一切办法来满足她的好奇心。
3. approach
（1）vi. & vt. 接近, 走近, 靠近
Walk softly as you approach the bed.
当你接近床时, 步子轻些。
Christmas was approaching/ drawing near.
圣诞节快到了。
(2) n. 接近，靠近；方式，方法；途径，入口
Our approach drove away the birds.
我们一靠近，鸟儿全飞走了。
The approach of the exam is making her very upset.
考试的临近使她非常地不安。
All the approaches to the airport were blocked by the police.
所有通往机场的道路都被警察封锁了。
His approaches to the problem are wrong.
他处理这个问题的方法是错误的。
知识拓展
英语中表示“方式，方法”的搭配还有：
We are required to deal with the problem in a different way / manner.
我们被要求用不同的方法来处理这个问题。
We should improve our teaching method, with which we can make ourselves understood better.
我们应该改善我们的教学方法，用这些方法，我们可以使学生更好地理解我们。
We arrived there by means of plane.
我们坐飞机到达那儿。
4. defend vt. & vi. 保卫，防御；保护；辩护，辩解defence n. 防御；保卫
When a dog attacked me, I defended myself with a stick.
当一只狗攻击我时，我拿起一根棍子自我防卫。
She defended herself successfully in court.
她在法庭上成功地为自己进行了辩护。
They tried to defend the country against/ from the enemy.
他们竭尽全力保卫国家不受敌人的侵害。
More and more women today have learned to arise in defence of their legal rights.
现在越来越多的妇女学会站出来维护她们的合法权益。
知识拓展
辨析：defend/protect/ guard
defend是指抵御或击退外来威胁或攻击，另外，defend还有辩护的意思。
protect指采取保护措施，使之不受伤害或损伤
guard是指小心谨慎地对可能发生的危险进行防御，以维护安全，含警告之意。
She wore the sunglasses to protect her eyes from the sunlight.
她带上太阳镜以保护她的眼睛不受太阳光的照射。
The dog guarded the house against strangers.
狗守着房屋，不让陌生人进去。
5. major
(1) adj. 主要的；较大的；较重要的（无比较级）
There are two major political parties in the US.
美国主要有两大政党。
This could create major traffic problems.
这会产生严重的交通问题。
（2）n. 主修科目；专业；专业学生
His major is French. = He is a French major.
他的专业是法语。
(3) vt. 主修；专攻
He majors in history. That is, his major is history.
他主修历史。也就是说，历史是他的主修科目。
6. ease
（1）n. 舒适；安逸；容易, 不费劲
In his retirement, he lived a life of ease.
退休后，他过着舒适安逸的生活。
The question was so easy that I could answer it with ease.
这个问题如此简单以至于我回答得很轻松。
His mind was at ease knowing the children were safe.
听说孩子们都很安全，他才放心。
I never feel at ease (= feel ill at ease) in his company.
我跟他在一起总是感觉不自在。
He had been dreading their meeting, but her warm welcome soon put/set him at ease.
他对彼此相见一直忐忑不安，可是她的热情相迎使他很快就无拘无束了。
（2）v. 减轻、缓解（痛苦，忧虑等）；使宽慰、安心
It would ease my mind to know that she was settled.
知道她已安顿下来会使我安心些。
The medicine eased him of the pains.
这药减轻了他的痛苦。
7. anger
(1) n. 怒气；怒火
He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.
他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。
He slammed his fist on the desk with anger.
他气愤地捶打着桌子。
Once he burst into anger, he would throw anything at hand out of the window.
他一旦勃然大怒，就会把手边的任何东西扔出窗外。
(2) vt. 使发怒；激怒
His impolite words angered his teacher.
他出言不逊，激怒了老师。
知识拓展
angry adj. 发怒的；愤怒的；生气的
Please don’t be angry with me. It wasn’t my fault.
请不要冲着我发脾气。这不是我的错。
The passengers grew angry at / about the delay of the flight.
航班的延误使乘客气愤起来。
二）重点短语
1. However, people from places like Spain, Italy or South American countries approach others closely and are more likely to touch them.
不过，来自西班牙、意大利和南美等国家的人会站在离别人很近的地方，而且更可能会（用身体）接触对方。
△ be likely to do “很可能……；有希望……”，主语既可以是人也可以是物。
She is very likely to ring me tonight.
= It is very likely that she will ring me tonight.
她今晚很有可能给我打电话。
词语辨析：
likely/ possible/probable
△ likely是常用词，指从表面痕迹来看很有可能。主语既可以是人也可以是物，常用的句式为：It is likely that …或Sb. / Sth. be likely to do。
△ possible强调客观上有可能，但含有实际上可能性很小的意思。主语不可以是人，只能用it 作形式主语。构成句型为：It is possible (for sb. )to do sth.或It is possible that …
△ probable 语气比possible强，含有“很有可能，十有八九”的意思。
构成句型为：It is probable that ….
I’m likely to be very busy today.
= It is likely that I am very busy today. 我今天有可能很忙。
It is possible that he will come late again
= It is possible for him to come late again.
他有可能又迟到。
It seems probable that he will arrive before dusk.
他很有可能黄昏前到达。
2. In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroad.
但总的说来，在当今文化交融的世界，学习不同国家的习俗肯定能帮助我们避免交往中的困难。
△ in general 总的说来；通常；大体上
In general, Japanese cars are very reliable and breakdowns are rare.
日本汽车通常是很可靠的，发生故障的情况极少。
In general, the more expensive the computer is, the better it is.
一般来说，电脑越贵越好。
知识拓展：
△ general adj.总的；大体的；普遍的；一般的 n. 将军；上将
I don’t understand everything, but I understand the general idea.
我并不全懂，但我明白大意。
The general opinion is that the meeting was a success.
普遍认为这次会议是成功的。
△ generally adv. 普遍地，广泛地；通常，一般地
I generally get up at 6 o’clock.
我一般六点钟起床。
Generally speaking, young women like “Ms” better than old women do.
一般来说，年轻的妇女比年长的妇女更喜欢用“Ms”。
3. There are unhappy smiles, such as when someone “loses face” and smile to hide it.
有些微笑并非表示高兴，比如说当有人“丢了面子”而用微笑来掩饰。
△ lose (one’s) face 丢脸，丢人
You’ll lose face if you don’t keep your promise.
你如果没有遵守诺言，会丢脸的。
He was afraid of failure because he didn’t want to lose face with his colleagues.
他害怕失败，因为他不想在同事面前丢脸。
知识拓展：
英语中常见的与face搭配的短语还有：
The two have never met face to face before.
两个人过去从未见过面。
She showed great courage in the face of danger.
面对危险她表现出极大的勇气。
Rather than admit failure, Frank made a face in order to save face.
弗兰克为了保全面子，没有承认失败，而是做了个鬼脸。
I dare you to speak to my face.
（我）量你不敢当我的面讲。
4. In most cases around the world, frowning and turning one’s back to someone shows anger.
在世界上的很多地方，皱眉和背对某人表示愤怒。
△ turn one’s back to背对；背弃
It’s impolite to turn your back to others while talking.
在交谈时，背对对方是不礼貌的。
You can’t turn your back to him when he is in trouble.
当他遇到麻烦时，你不能背弃他。
知识拓展：
英语中常见的与back搭配的短语还有：
Stand back to back and we’ll see which of you is taller.
背靠背地站着, 我们好看一看你们中哪一个较高。
It is impolite to talk about other people behind their back.
背地里说人闲话是不礼貌的。
本单元其它重要的短语
communicate …with 与……交流
share…with 与……分享
look around 四处张望
closely followed by…后面紧跟着……
introduce…to… 介绍……
kiss sb. on the cheek 吻某人的脸颊
put up one’s hands 举起手来
reach one’s hand out 伸出手
be close to 靠近；接近
on the contrary 正相反；反之
nod at sb. 对某人点头
as well 也，还，而且
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
means of communication 交流方式
all kinds of 各种各样的
even if/ though 即使
nod the head up and down 点头
shake the head from side to side 摇头
look away from 把目光从……移开（不看）
in most cases 在大多数情况下
give a hug to… 拥抱……
stand at a little distance 站得稍远一点
be willing to 愿意……
（三）重点句型
1. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain.
第一个到达的是来自哥伦比亚的托尼·家西亚，随后紧跟着的是来自英国的茱莉亚·史密斯。
△ 句中closely followed by…是过去分词短语作伴随状语，一般现在分词作伴随状语的时候较多，但如果伴随的动作与所修饰的名词构成被动关系，则用过去分词。
He came into the classroom, followed by a group of students.
他进入教室，后面跟着一群学生。
2. Not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.
各种文化背景下的人们互致问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触的程度和相互间距离也并不一样。
△ 本句中not all“并不是所有的”，是部分否定，在英语中有一些用来表示“全体”或“完全”意义的总括词，如all, both, every, everything, entirely, completely 等，与not连用时， 无论not 在它们前面还是后面，都构成部分否定，意为“并非所有……都”，“并非每一……都”。
Not every student has passed the exam.
= Every student has not passed the exam.
并非每一个学生都通过了考试。
Both of them are not doctors. = Not both of them are doctors.
他们两个并不全是医生。
△ not …nor 既不……也不……
For a week he didn’t write to her nor give her a call.
整整一周，他既没有写信，也没有打电话给她。
△ nor are they comfortable…为不完全倒装。当否定词位于分句句首时，需将谓语动词中的助动词、情态动词或添加的助动词（do, did, does）移至主语的前面，构成部分倒装。
I don’t know her address, nor do I want to know.
我不知道她的地址，我也不想知道。
Not a word did he say at the last meeting.
在上次会上他一句话也没说。
3. These actions are not good or bad, but are simply ways in which cultures have developed.
这些行为都无所谓好坏，只不过是文化发展的不同方式而已。
△ 句中ways 后面跟的是in which 引导的定语从句。当先行词是way时，后面的定语从句如果缺少方式状语，引导定语从句的引导词有三种方式：in which, that 或不用任何引导词。
We are surprised at the way ( in which/ that )he treats the animals.
他对待动物的方式让我们感到吃惊。
Unit5
（一）重点单词
1. various adj. 不同的；各种各样的
There are various colors to choose from.
这里有各种各样的颜色可供选择。
There are various ways to solve the problem.
解决这个问题有许多种方法。
［知识拓展］
vary vi. & vt. (使)变化, 改变，不同 variety n. 变化；种类
Old people don’t like to vary their habits.
老年人不喜欢改变他们的习惯。
This pile of apples vary in size. 这堆苹果大小不一。
Everyone arrived late at the party for a variety of/ varieties of reasons.
参加聚会的人因种种原因而迟到了。
2. whichever pron. 无论哪一个，任何一个
It has been the same result whichever way you do it.
不管你怎么做，结果都一样。
Take whichever you want. 你想拿哪一个，就拿哪一个。
辨析：whatever / whichever
whichever无论哪一个，任何一个，有限定范围
whatever 无论什么，无限定范围
Whatever you do, I will be in favor of you.
无论你做什么，我都会支持你。
Whichever of them are you going to help?
你究竟要帮助他们当中的哪一个?
3. attraction n. 吸引（力）；吸引人的事物
The idea of traveling to the moon has little attraction for me.
到月球旅行的想法对我没有很大的吸引力。
Venice is one of the great tourist attractions of the world.
威尼斯是世界上令人向往的旅游胜地之一。
［知识拓展］
attract vt. 吸引, 引起……的注意 attractive adj. 有吸引力的；有魅力的
His new book is attracting a lot of attention.
他的新书引起广泛的关注。
Bright colors are attractive to children.
鲜艳的颜色对儿童有吸引力。
4. preserve
（1）vt. 保存, 保留；保护; 维持 preservation n. 保护；维护
We must preserve our natural resources.
我们必须保护自然资源。
You should preserve these materials for revision.
你应该把这些材料保存起来以备复习之用。
It is the duty of the police to preserve public order.
维护公共秩序是警察的职责。
(2) n. 禁猎地；保护区
No hunting is allowed in the preserve.
在这个保护区内不许打猎。
5. advance
(1) vi. 前进；取得进展
She advanced greatly in her knowledge.
她在学识上大有长进。
Our soldiers advanced bravely towards the enemy.
我们的战士勇敢地朝着敌人挺进。
（2）vt. 提出；提前；推进，促进
He advanced many reasonable proposals.
他提出了许多合理化建议。
The date of the meeting has been advanced from Friday to Monday.
会议日期已经从星期五提前到星期一。
It’s necessary to attend this training to advance your career.
参加这个培训对促进你事业的发展是很有必要的。
（3）n. 前进；进步；进展
We are proud of the recent advances in medical science.
我们对最近在医学科学方面取得的进步感到骄傲。
［知识拓展］
（1）advanced adj. 高级的，先进的；高等的；年迈的
China has become one of the most advanced countries in technology.
中国已成为世界上科技最先进的国家之一。
His grandfather died at an advanced age of 98.
他的祖父在98岁高龄时去世。
（2）in advance 预先
You must pay for the book in advance. 你必须预先支付买书的钱。
You’d better make a plan in advance. 你最好提前制定一个计划。
6. admission n.允许进入；入场费，门票；承认
How can I gain admission into/to the swimming club?
我怎样才能获准进入游泳俱乐部？
Admission to the concert costs 30 dollars.
音乐会的门票是三十美元一张。
He made an admission that he was the thief.
他承认他是贼。
［知识拓展］
admit v. (admitted; admitted) 准许进入，录取，承认
He was admitted to/into Harvard University last year.
他去年被哈佛大学录取。
Jack admitted breaking the windows. 杰克承认打破了窗户。
We have to admit that he is a highly able man.
我们不得不承认他是个非常能干的人。
（二）重点短语
1. Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.
一些公园以拥有最大或最长的过山车而出名，其他一些则以拥有名胜或特色文化而闻名。
△be famous for … 因……而出名，以……而著名
New York is famous for its skyscrapers.
纽约以其摩天大楼而出名。
She is famous for her fine acting.
她因演技精湛而出名。
［知识拓展］
英语中常见的与famous搭配的短语还有：
Beijing is famous as the capital of China.
北京作为中国的首都而出名。
He is famous to everybody here.
这里的人对他很熟悉。
2. With all these attractions, no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland.
有这么多吸引人的事物，难怪在有迪斯尼乐园的地方，旅游业就会发展。
no wonder = it’ s no wonder that... 难怪；不足为奇……
No wonder you’ve got a headache—you drank too much wine.
你喝了那么多酒，难怪你会头痛。
He’s passed the driving test. No wonder he is so happy.
他通过驾照考试了。难怪他那么高兴。
［知识拓展］
英语中常见的与wonder搭配的短语还有：
I was wondering whether you’d like to come to the party?
不知您能否来参加宴会？
I wonder at your courage in asking him directly!
你直接问他的胆量使我很吃惊!
The children gazed in wonder when they saw snow for the first time.
孩子们第一次见到下雪，都惊奇地盯着看。
It’s a wonder that the child came through without a scratch.
这孩子竟能安然无恙地脱险，真是奇迹。
Her new diet and exercise programme has worked wonders for her.
她新的饮食和锻炼计划对她产生了奇效。
3. Visitors can get close to parts of the world they have never experienced, going to the bottom of the ocean , flying through the jungle or visiting the edges of the solar system.
参观者可以去从没去过的世界上的其他地方，可以潜入海底，飞越丛林或游览太阳系边缘。
△get close to接近；靠近
I got close to see what the trouble was.
我凑过去，看看出了什么麻烦事。
Don’t get close to the tiger—it’s very dangerous.
别靠近那只老虎，很危险。
辨析：close/ closely
close 作副词时，意为“接近，靠近”，指距离上的接近，表示具体的意义。
closely adv. “仔细地，密切地，紧密地”，表示抽象的含义。
He lives close by the church. 他就住在教堂附近。
She is in good condition, but the doctors are watching her closely.
她状况很好，但医生们还是密切照看她。
4. The amazing, up-to-date information together with many opportunities for hands-on learning makes the world come to life in a completely new way for visitors.
这些让人惊讶的最新的信息加上大量动手实践学习的机会，让世界以一种全新的方式展现在游人面前。
△come to life苏醒过来；活跃起来；开始有生气
When the man came to life again, he found himself lying in hospital.
当那男子再次醒来时，发现自己正躺在医院里。
The match came to life in the final minutes of the second half.
比赛在下半场的最后几分钟变得精彩起来。
［知识拓展］
英语中常见的与life搭配的短语还有：
His novels bring to life the Victorian age.
他的小说把维多利亚时代的生活写活了。
5. If driving, futuroscope is within easy reach of the freeway.
假如（你）开车的话，观测未来主题公园就在高速公路附近。
△within (easy) reach of sth.... 在容易达到……的地方；在……的附近
The hotel is within easy reach of the beach.
这家旅馆离海滩很近。
He lives within easy reach of the bus stop.
他住的地方离公共汽车站很近。
［知识拓展］
英语中常见的与reach 搭配的短语还有：
△within reach of sb. 在（某人）伸手可及的地方；在（某人）力所能及的范围内
Please put the dictionary within my arm’s reach.
请把词典放在我伸手够得着的地方。
The price is within my reach.
那个价格我可以承受。
△beyond/ out of one’s reach 在（某人）手够不着的地方；超出（某人）理解范围
This book is beyond my reach. 这本书我看不懂。
Put the medicine out of reach of your child.
把药放到孩子够不着的地方。
本单元其他重要短语：
more than 不仅仅；多于；非常
sb. be familiar with 对……熟悉的
come true 实现
of course 当然
have fun 作乐；玩的高兴
be modeled after / on / upon 根据……模仿；仿效；仿造
take a trip= have/make a trip= go on a trip （进行）旅行
run their farms经营他们的农场
take part in 参加……
face to face with … 与……面对面
not only …but (also)… 不但……而且……
be sure to 务必……；一定
（三）重点句型
1. Some parks are famous for having the biggest or longest roller coasters, others for showing the famous sights and sounds of a culture.
有些主题公园拥有最大或最长的过山车而出名，另外一些则以拥有名胜或特色文化而闻名。
△此句中含some...others“有些……有些……”句型，同时用了承上省略的语法方式。
Some people have naturally beautiful voices while others rich facial expressions.
有些人生就一副好嗓子， 有些人则有丰富的脸部表情。
One side of the board shall be painted yellow and the other green.
板子的一面要漆成黄色，另一面要漆成绿色。
2. It will bring you into a magical world and make your dreams come true, whether you are traveling through space, visiting a pirate ship or meeting your favorite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character.
无论你是在太空遨游，参观海盗船，还是邂逅你喜欢的童话故事或者迪斯尼卡通里的人物，迪斯尼都会把你带到魔幻的世界，使你的梦想变为现实。
△句中whether …or …的含义是“无论是……还是……；不管是……还是……”，引导让步状语从句。
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
不管你是否相信，那都是真的。
I’ll buy some souvenirs, whether cheap or expensive.
无论贵贱，我们都要买一些纪念品。
Whether we go to him or he comes to us, the result is the same.
无论是我们去他那儿还是他来我们这儿，结果都是一样的。
3. Visit the candy shop to try the same kind of candy that American southerners made 150 years ago.
你可以光顾糖果店，在那里品尝到和150年前美国南方人制作得一模一样的糖果。
△句中the same …that 意为“和……一样的”，表示前后的事物为同一事物。
This is the same bike that I lost last week.
这就是我上星期丢的那辆自行车。
辨析：the same …that/the same …as
the same… as 用来表示前后两者的相同或相似，而非同一物品；而the same…that表示前后的事物为同一事物。
I want to read the same book as you read. 我想看的书和你正在看的一样。
I want to read the same book that you read. 我想看你看过的书。
英语中的构词法主要有转化法、合成法和派生法。
（一）转化法（conversion）
在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。
1. 动词转化为名词
Let me have a try. 让我试试。
They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.
在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。
2. 名词转化为动词
He shouldered his way through the crowd.
他用肩膀推开人群前进。
The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。
3. 形容词转化为动词
We will try our best to better our living conditions.
我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
They tried to perfect the working conditions.
他们努力改善工作条件。
4. 形容词转化为名词
He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
他不辨是非。
The old in our village are living a happy life.
我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
5. 形容词转化为副词
How long have you lived there?
你在那儿住多久了？
How hard the students study!
这些学生学习多刻苦啊！
6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词
Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。
Life is full of ups and downs.
人生有得意时也有失意时。
His argument contains too many ifs and buts.
他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。
（二）合成法（composition）
由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词（compounds）。合成词的写法由习惯决定，可以写在一起，也可以用连词符号连接。
1. 合成名词
名词/代词+名词 newspaper blood test she- wolf
动词+名词 typewriter pickpocket daybreak
形容词+名词 greenhouse highway
副词+名词 overcoat outside
名词+v.-ing / v.-ing +名词
handwriting reading room freezing point
动词+副词/ 副词+ 动词
breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome
名词+介词+名词: sister-in-law editor-in -chief
2. 合成形容词
名词+形容词/ 形容词+名词
world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term
副词+形容词 over-anxious evergreen
名词+过去分词 man-made sun-burnt
名词+现在分词 peace-loving English-speaking
形容词+现在分词 good-looking easy-going
副词+过去分词 well-informed widespread
副词+现在分词 hardworking far-reaching
形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted absent-minded
数词+名词+ed three-legged ten –storied
数词+名词 one-way five –star
数词+名词+形容词 ten-year-old 800-meter-long
名词+to + 名词 face –to-face door - to -door
3. 合成动词
名词+动词 baby-sit sleepwalk
副词+动词 outnumber underestimate overwork
形容词+动词 whitewash
4. 合成副词
形容词＋名词 meanwhile anyway
形容词＋副词 everywhere anyhow
副词＋副词 however
介词＋名词 beforehand overhead
介词＋副词 forever
5. 合成代词
代词宾格＋self/selves herself themselves
物主代词＋self / selves myself yourselves
形容词＋名词 anything nothing
6. 合成介词
副词＋名词 inside outside
介词＋副词 without within
副词＋介词 into
（三）派生法
由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。
1. 前缀
除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。
（1）表示否定意义的前缀
un- unhappy unfinished undress
dis- disagree disbelieve
in[il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m,b,p前)，ir(在字母r前)]-
inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular
mis-misbehave mislead mistake
non-nonstop nonsmoker
（2）表示其他意义的前缀
en-“使……” enrich enlarge encourage
inter-“相互” international intercontinental
re-“再，又，重” rethink retell recycle
tele-“远程的” telescope telephone telegraph
auto-“自动的” automatic automobile
co-“共同” coworker cooperate coexist
anti-“反对，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear
multi-“多” multistory multicultural multicolor
bi-“双，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral
micro-“极小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer
over-“太多，过分” overwork overdo overestimate
self-“自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control
under-“在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate
2. 后缀
（1）形容词后缀
-able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable
-al“与……有关的” physical, magical, political
-an“属于某地方的人” American African
-ern“方向” southern, northern, eastern
-ful/ less“（没）有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless
-ish“如……的；有……特征的” foolish childish selfish
-ive“有……倾向的” active attractive expensive
-en“由……制成的” golden wooden woolen
-ous“有（性质）的” famous, dangerous, poisonous
-ly “有……性质的” friendly yearly daily
-y“构成形容词” noisy dusty cloudy
（2）名词后缀
-er / or“表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container
-ese“某国（人）的” Chinese, Japanese
-ian“某国、某地人；精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician
-ist“某种主义或职业者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist
-ess“表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess
-ment“行为或其状态” government, movement, achievement
-ness“性质，状态” illness, sadness, carelessness
-tion“动作，过程，结果” invention, organization, translation
-ance/ ence“抽象；行为、性质、状态” importance, appearance, absence, existence
-th“性质、情况” depth, warmth, truth
-ful“（满的）量” handful, spoonful, mouthful
-(a)bility“抽象、性质、状态” possibility, disability, reliability
-al“过程、状态” survival, arrival, approval
-y“性质、情况” modesty, delivery, honesty
-dom“处于……状态；性质” freedom, boredom
-age“状态，行为，身份及其结果” courage, storage, marriage
（3）动词后缀
-fy / ify“使得；变得” simplify, beautify, purify
-en“使成为……；变得” shorten, deepen, sadden
-ize“使成为” apologize, realize, specialize
（4）副词后缀
-ly“方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily
ward(s)“向……” towards, forward, upwards
（5）数词后缀
-teen“十几” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty“整十位数” forty, fifty, sixty
-th“序数词” twelfth, twentieth
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