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高考英语语法专题讲解

目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题，以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础，这不仅对语法填空和短文改错等题型的解答有直接的影响，而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。

一、句子成分的分类

从句法功能的角度讲，句子成分有主要成分和次要成分，主要成分有主语(从句)和谓语；次要成分有宾语(从句)、表语(从句)、定语(从句)、状语(从句)、补足语和同位语(从句)。请看下面句子成分的分析，并注意这些句子成分在句子中的位置。

[示例]　Mr Smith, an English teacher, told me that he would help me to learn English if he was free this evening.

史密斯先生，一位英语老师，告诉我说，如果他今晚有空，他会帮我学习英语。

主要成分分析：

二、句子成分的用法

在了解了句子成分的定义和分类之后，下面结合具体的例子，详细讲解有关句子成分的用法要点。

(一)主语

在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作的发出者。通常情况下，我们都能在一个完整的英语句子中找到其主语，即：一个表示人、物或事的词、短语或从句，来表示谓语动作的执行者或状态情形的主体。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的词和短语主要有名词、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。

[例1]　(2015·安徽高考改编)________ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.

[分析]　Ignoring/To ignore　句意：忽视那两个调查结果的不同将会是你犯的最严重的错误之一。分析句子结构可知，句中谓语为will be，设空处在句中作主语，故用动词不定式或动名词形式均可。

[练1]　(2016·吉林省实验中学二模)There they met people from other parts of the country, ________ had also volunteered to help.

解析：who　句意：在那里他们遇到了从这个国家其他地方来的人，他们也是自愿来帮忙的。分析句子结构可知，此处应是非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词是people，从句缺少主语，故填关系代词who。

(二)谓语

在句子中，谓语描述主语所发出的动作，说明主语的动作或存在的状态。谓语一般位于主语之后。谓语中的核心部分是行为动词，它有时态、语态和语气的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响。谓语可以带有自己的状语，具体说明谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间、频度等。根据构成的不同作用，充当谓语的动词可以分为以下几种：

1．行为动词，这类动词分为不及物动词和及物动词。

2．连系动词，如：be, keep, look, smell, feel, taste, appear, sound, remain, seem, turn, become, get, fall, grow等。

3．助动词，如：be, do, have, will (shall)等。

4．情态动词，如：can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, ought to 等。

[例2]　(2015·广东高考)While making great efforts to run away, she ________ (fall) over the hill and died.

[分析]　fell　分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中作谓语，结合语境和与之并列的动词died可知，空格处表示过去发生的动作，因此应用一般过去时。

[练2]　(2014·大纲卷)The understanding between two friends means both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.

解析：trusting→trust　主句中谓语动词means之后跟有宾语从句，从句中连词and连接并列谓语，根据前一个谓语动词have可知，trust需要用动词原形的形式。

(三)宾语

在句子中，宾语表示谓语动词所表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。按照结构及构成，宾语可以分为：简单宾语、双宾语(直接宾语＋间接宾语)、复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)和宾语从句四种。宾语通常位于谓语动词之后，能够带宾语的主要是及物动词、相当于及物动词的短语动词和介词等。可以充当宾语的主要有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式短语、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句等。

[例3]　(2015·天津高考改编)Absorbed in ________ (paint), John didn't notice evening approaching.

[分析]　painting　空前是介词in，空处作in的宾语，故paint需要用动名词形式。

[练3]　(2013·大纲卷)He isn't good at talk but he gets on well with other people.

解析：talk→talking　动词短语be good at中at是介词，故之后需要跟动名词作宾语。

(四)表语

句子中表语主要用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质、职业、数量、方向或处所等。表语一般位于连系动词之后，与连系动词共同构成谓语。可以充当表语的主要有名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、数词以及从句等。

[例4]　(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Just be ________ (patience)．

[分析]　patient　该句是祈使句结构，其中be 是连系动词，故用形容词作表语。

[练4]　(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)The teachers here are kind and helpfully.

解析：helpfully→helpful　该句是“主系表”结构，其中连词and连接并列的表语，故后者需要用形容词形式。

(五)定语

在句子中，定语通常用来修饰名词或相当于名词的词或短语及句子，所以常被称作名词修饰语。根据定语的位置可以分为前置定语和后置定语，单个的单词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；短语或定语从句作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。能够充当定语的有：形容词、形容词性物主代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、分词短语、动名词短语、动词不定式短语、介词短语、冠词以及从句等。

[例5]　(2016·四川德阳二诊)Freud was one of the first scientists ________ (make) serious research of the mind.

[分析]　to make　分析句子结构可知，空格处应填非谓语动词。由空前的the first可知，应用动词不定式作定语。

[练5]　(2014·大纲卷)So really friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests.

解析：really→real　句中用作主语的friendship是名词，所以用形容词修饰，该形容词作定语。

(六)状语

在句子中，状语通常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作的状态或特征；它的位置比较灵活，可以在句首，也可以在句中或句末。状语一般可以用来表示时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、伴随等情况。能充当状语的有副词、介词短语、分词短语、动词不定式及状语从句等。

[例6]　(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)The river was so polluted that it ________ (actual)  caught fire and burned.

[分析]　actually　句中应使用副词actually作状语修饰谓语动词，actual是形容词，不能在句中作状语，通常只作定语或者表语修饰名词。

[练6]　________ (compete) more effectively with others, more and more people equip themselves with a higher education.

解析：To compete　句意：为了更好地与他人竞争，越来越多的人们都用更高水平的教育来装备自己。此处为不定式短语作目的状语。

(七)补足语

在主动语态的句子中，一些及物动词的宾语需要在其后加上一个补足语，对其作进一步补充说明，这样意思才能够完整和明确，该补足语叫作宾语补足语，宾语及其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。在被动语态中补充说明主语的成分叫作主语补足语。能够充当补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。

[例7]　(2017·成都七中诊断)To his surprise, Jack found his son ________ (dress) as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.

[分析]　dressed　句意：使杰克惊讶的是，他发现儿子在圣诞节前夜被装扮成了圣诞老人。此处为“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，用过去分词作宾语补足语。dress意为“给(某人)穿衣”，常用于dress sb.或sb. be/get dressed结构。

[练7]　(2013·四川高考)We were warned not cheat again or she would need to see our parents.

解析：cheat前加to　该句是or连接的并列句，前一个分句使用了“warn sb.to do sth.”这一结构的被动语态，其中cheat应该作主语补足语，故此处要添加动词不定式符号to。

(八)同位语

在句子中，同位语是对其前面的名词作进一步的补充、限制和说明，使其表义更清楚，意思更完整，同位语在句子中的位置通常是紧跟着它所补充说明的先行名词。从语法意义而言，同位语与被它说明的先行名词的格要保持一致，并且前后两项所指相同、句法功能也相同。当前后同位关系紧密时，它们之间不用逗号隔开；当同位语只作补充解释时可用逗号把它们隔开。能够充当同位语的主要有名词、名词性短语或从句等。

[例8]　His suggestion ________ we should finish the work by the weekend is reasonable.

[分析]　that　分析句子结构可知，主语是his suggestion，谓语部分是“系表”结构，主语之后的是一个完整的句子，说明主语的含义，是同位语从句，需要用that引导。

[练8]　(2017·济宁一模)Mr Johnson cares for us student very much.

解析：student→students　此处该名词student用作us的同位语成分，故根据us的意义可知，需要用复数形式。

[基础练习]

划分句子成分

主语用____，谓语用　　，宾语用　　，定语用定语([　　])，状语用状语([　　])，补足语用补足语([　　])，同位语用同位语([　　])

1．Recently I have carried out a survey among the students in our class.

状语([Recently])    

状语(in our class])

2．One day some of my students were talking about what we would like to be in the future.

状语([One day])   

3．Music can make our mind in a peaceful state after a whole day of tiring work.

  our mind  宾补([in a peaceful state]) 状语(whole day of tiring work])

4．The meeting held yesterday was important.

 定语([held yesterday]) 

5．Every day he was forced to work from morning till night.

状语([Every day])   主补([to work])   状语([from morning) 

6．Word came that the mayor would pay a visit to our school next week.

  同位语([that the mayor would pay a visit to our school)

7．Bathed in the sunshine,  we jumped and cheered with joy.

状语([Bathed in the sunshine])   

状语([with joy])

8．We haven't decided when to discuss the question again.

We  haven't decided  when to discuss the question again.

语法奠基课(二)  学会分析长难句是化繁为简、化难为易的必备手段

英语基本句式比较简单，但在实际应用中，一些成分可以多个并列，一些成分可以变换顺序，这就使句子变得复杂了。要理解这些复杂的句子，我们最好把它们简化或还原为基本句式。在遇到复杂的长句时，我们可以用“跳”、“连”、“回”、“并”、“还”、“放”、“联”这七种方法来帮助我们分析句子。

英语中的一些长句比较复杂，往往是因为句中插入了一些非限制性修饰成分，打断了原来的行文逻辑，使句子显得杂乱。这些插入的成分往往由逗号或破折号隔开，我们在分析句子时，可以先“跳”过这些成分，这样句子的主干成分就会清晰许多。

(一)非限制性修饰成分的概念

名词的修饰成分中，有些是起限定或者说是“指定”作用的，没有它，我们就不知道说的是哪个事物，这样的修饰成分，我们称之为限制性修饰成分。而有些修饰成分，只是起补充一些额外的信息的作用，没有它，我们仍然知道说的是哪一个事物，虽然可能知道的关于这个事物的情况要少一些，这样的修饰成分，我们称之为非限制性修饰成分。

从某种意义上说，非限制性修饰成分是打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。

限制性修饰成分和被修饰词之间不加逗号，而非限制性修饰成分和被修饰语之间常由逗号、括号或破折号来隔开。如：①Mr White's driving record, with one small exception, was excellent.

②Mr White's driving record (with one small exception) was excellent.

③Mr White's driving record — with one small exception — was excellent.

[示例]　指出下面两句中黑体部分，哪个是限制性修饰成分，哪个是非限制性修饰成分：

①The fingers on his left hand are bigger than those on his right.

②Our house, built in 2003, still looks new.

[分析]　在①中，没有on his left hand的限定，我们就不知道是哪些手指，因此它是限制性修饰成分；在②中，没有built in 2003，我们也知道是哪座房子，它只是补充说明一些信息而已，因此是非限制性修饰成分，它前后要用逗号隔开。

(二)同位语也属于非限制性修饰成分的一种

[示例]　找出下面句中的同位语

①The most famous games of all, the Olympic Games, bring athletes (运动员) from around the world together to take part in friendly competition.

②The turbine (涡轮) will be fixed (固定) 213 feet above the water on a floating spar (漂浮的立柱), a technology Hywind's creator, the Norwegian (挪威的) company StatoilHydro, has developed recently.

③It was a strange­looking machine — one his dad had brought home from the laboratory (实验室) where he worked.

④A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor (编辑) as  a “youth columnist (青年专栏作家)”．

⑤The cousins — Tina, Todd, and Sam — arrived at the party together.

[分析]　上面五个句子，可以说是同位语作为非限制性成分出现在句子中的常见的几种情况。

在句①中，the Olympic Games是同位语，与前面所说的是同一个内容。

在句②中，a technology是同位语，在前面和它呼应的不是一个词，而是一个句子或一个句子的一部分，它是对前面的概括。

在句③中，one代指前面的a strange­looking machine。由one作同位语来代指前面的名词，这种情况很常见。

在句④中，句子主语的前面有一个名词短语，有语法书上把它和形容词作状语表示主语的状态一起称之为“无动词分句”，实际上看作同位语更好理解一些。

在句⑤中，同位语由破折号连接。特别是同位语中本身己含有逗号时，最好要用破折号连接。

[应用体验]　根据上面所学的“跳”的技巧，翻译下面句子

1．They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe (欠), and then people like me, who don't drink, end up paying even more.

解析：half of what they owe是cash的同位语，who don't drink是people的非限制性定语从句。

答案：他们扔下现金，只有他们所欠账的一半那么多，于是像我这样不饮酒的人，结果却付得更多。

2．Last year, researchers from the University of Michigan reported that empathy, the ability to understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply (急剧下降) over the past 10 years.

解析：the ability to understand other people是对empathy的解释，先把它(包括前后的两个逗号)跳过去。

答案：去年，来自密歇根大学的研究者报告说，大学生之间的同情，也就是理解别人的能力，在过去十年急剧下降。

3．The idea of returning to the basics (基础) in the classroom — a notion (概念，观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers — is finally gaining some currency (为人们所习用) with school administrators (管理者)．

解析：两个破折号中间的是对前面的补充说明，先跳过去。

答案：课堂要回归基础，顺便说一下，这个被很多受尊重的老师默默支持许多年的理念，终于也得到学校管理层的接受。

英语中的标点的用法大部分和汉语相同，但也有一些不同的地方。这种英汉标点用法的不同，影响着我们分断英语长句的能力。标点可以表明其前后两部分的关系，因此，在遇到复杂句时，我们可以根据标点所提示的逻辑关系，把其前后“连”起来考虑。

(一)逗号

1．英语中没有顿号，分隔并列的各项时常用逗号。

这些并列的成分可以是名词、形容词、副词、动词等，这时逗号相当于汉语中的顿号。而汉语中的逗号一般是分隔意群的，这种英汉差异对我们分断英语句子干扰很大。遇到这种情况，我们要把这几项“连”起来理解。

注意：and连接最后一项时，and前可加逗号，也可省略，但现在倾向于省略。

2．在有多个并列项时，有都用逗号隔开的，也有都用and连接的。

3．有时英语中属于不同级别的并列各项混在一起时，也只用逗号来分隔。

这时就要从语义上去断句，要把各项所隶属的级别搞清楚，先把较低级别的并列各项“连”为一个整体。

(二)分号

1．分号用于分隔地位平等、内容有联系的独立句子。

这两个句子不需要再用连词来连接，后面的句子首字母也不用大写。另外，分号也经常与连接副词thus, however, therefore等一起使用(放在这些词语之前)。这两个分句虽成分上相对独立，但意思上比较密切，在阅读时，要把它们“连”起来理解，这样句子逻辑会更清楚。

2．用于本身已含有逗号的排列各项。

在列举一系列内容时，如果所包含各项的内容较长，本身已经含有逗号了，这时，各项之间要用分号来隔开。这时分号实际上起的是逗号的作用。逗号前后连起来是一项。

(三)引号

引号有双引号和单引号之分，在北美，双引号较单引号常用。在引语内再用引语时，可用单引号(这是美国用法，在英国用法中，单引号在外，双引号在内)。引语不止一段时，引号位于各段起始处和最后一段结尾处。

(四)破折号

英文的破折号是“—”，而连字符是“­”。破折号在句中起分隔作用，往往起到冒号、分号或逗号的作用。

1．起着冒号的作用，表示下文是对上文的解释和发挥。

2．引出被强调的内容。

3．强调突出后面的内容。

[应用体验]　利用“连”的技巧翻译句子

1．Beds that are too small, shower heads (淋浴喷头) that are too low, and restaurant tables with hardly any leg­room all make life difficult for those of above average height, it says.

解析：句中的两个逗号分隔的是三个并列项，我们要把它们连起来作句子主语。

答案：它说，太小的床，沐浴喷头太低，几乎没有伸腿空间的餐桌，这一切都使那些高个子的人的生活变得困难。

2．Shay didn't make it to another summer and died that winter, having never forgotten being the hero and making his father so happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her little hero of the day!

解析：句中逗号后由and连接四个现在分词短语being ..., making ..., coming ..., seeing ...作forgotten的宾语。

答案：Shay没有活到第二年夏天，那年冬天他就死了。(死之前)他从没忘记他是个英雄，没忘记他使他父亲如此幸福，没忘记他回到家里，没忘记看到他的母亲满眼热泪地拥抱着当日的英雄。

3．If you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding (褥草), and plenty of non­frozen (不结冰的) water.

解析：warm和solid之间的逗号，连接的是较低级别的并列项，先把它前后连成一项，这项中心词是shelter，它和bedding与water构成并列关系。

答案：如果你必须把它们留在外面一段时间的话，要确保它们有暖和、结实的住所来挡风，有厚的褥草，有足够的没结冻的水。

4．I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn't dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps.

解析：这三个分句虽在成分上相对独立，但意思比较密切，故用分号把它们隔开使句子逻辑更清楚。

答案：我喜欢唱歌，她听我的音质，说很好。我不会跳舞，她就教我最基本的舞步。

5．On approaching (走近) them, we saw it was a mother whale (鲸鱼) with her baby. We couldn't believe it — there aren't any whales along the coast here.

解析：此处用破折号是对“我们不敢相信”的内容的解释说明。

答案：一走近它们，我看到原来是一头母鲸和一头小鲸在一起。我们不敢相信——在这里沿岸是没有鲸的。

6．They also help students prepare for college mathematics (数学) and overcome their anxiety about this amazing — and completely understandable — field of study.

解析：此处的破折号是引出被强调的内容“学习领域的焦虑”。

答案：它们也帮助学生为大学数学做好准备，帮助他们战胜对这个新奇的——完全可以理解的——学习领域的焦虑。

名词后面可以跟多个修饰成分，修饰成分还可以再跟修饰成分，有时它们交织在一起，难以辨别。当我们遇到辨别不清的成分时，我们可以使用“回”的技巧，即“往回看”，来判断这些成分是否是后置的定语成分。

(一)简短的定语从句

有些定语从句本身很短，在关系词省略后，就更短，混在句中不容易辨别出来。在断句时，要留意这种情况。在高考语法题中，对关系代词的省略考查比较多，而关系副词的省略却很少涉及。在英语文章中，关系副词的省略比较常见。如果不知道这方面知识，可能会影响对文章的理解。

(二)形容词短语作后置定语

形容词短语作定语时常后置，但翻译时要放在前面。

(三)多重修饰

一个名词后面可以跟多个修饰成分来修饰。这些修饰成分可以是一个或多个短语，或一个或多个定语从句，或者是它们的组合。

(四)连环修饰

有时，名词后面的后置定语又有了自己的后置定语，这就是连环修饰。

(五)多重、连环混合修饰

有时在一个句中多重修饰和混合修饰可能同时出现。

[应用体验]　利用“回”的技巧翻译句子

1．Cutting down (减少) the number of customers a company loses can make a big difference in its performance.

解析：a company loses作后置定语，修饰customers。

答案：减少一个公司失去的顾客的数量可以大大提高公司的业绩。

2．Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky?

解析：likely to ...even risky是形容词短语作后置定语。

答案：我们为什么要使我们自己处于有可能是困难的、尴尬的甚至是危险的情形中呢？

3．For example, there are Chinese shoes made of silk, that were worn by women to tie their feet firmly (紧紧地) to prevent them from growing too much.

解析：shoes有两个后置定语，made of silk和that引导的定语从句。

答案：例如，由丝绸做成的中国鞋子，这些鞋被女性穿着，用来紧紧地绑在脚上来阻止脚长得太大。

4．A boy was walking home from school when he saw a large, tempting (诱人的) apple on one of the branches of an apple tree hanging out over a tall fence.

解析：on one of the branches修饰apple, of an apple tree修饰the branches, hanging out over a tall fence修饰an apple tree。

答案：一个男孩从学校步行回家，这时他看到伸出高高篱笆墙的一棵苹果树的一个树枝上有一个大大的诱人的苹果。

5．And The People's Archive (人民档案) is an online library of the figures (名人) of the city being built up by a digital content company in Cahoots, in which users will be encouraged to add to and comment on the material.

解析：of the figures of the city属于连环修饰来修饰library，而being built up也是修饰library。

答案：“人民档案”是一个有关这个城市的名人的网上图书室，正在由Cahoots的一个数码公司建设。在这个图书室里，使用者被鼓励增加内容和对内容作出评论。

句子中的几个分句并列时，后面的分句中的相同成分可以省略，这可能导致句子难以理解；有时候句子中的一个或相连的几个成分有了并列成分，来共用其他成分，也会增加句子的理解难度。这时我们可以考虑用“并”来解决问题，看那些成分是否可以“并”到一起，即看它们是否是并列关系。

(一)并列句的省略

在并列句中，省略是很常见的。一般说来，在后一并列句中，凡是与上文相同的成分通常都可省略。

①He majors in English, and I in French.

他主修英语，而我主修法语。

②We eat our food with chopsticks and the Europeans with knives and forks.

我们吃东西用筷子，欧洲人用刀叉。

③To some life is pleasure, and to others suffering.

对一些人来说，生活是一种享受；而对另一些人来说，生活是一种折磨。

[分析]　在句①中，后句省略了谓语动词major；在句②中，省略了动宾eat their food；在句③中，省略了主语和系动词life is。

(二)从句或成分并列

有时候一个句子看起来很复杂，主要是因为句子有了并列的句子成分，这种并列可能是从句的并列，也可能是某个或某几个成分的并列。

(三)并列句

在英语中，有些句子看着很长、很复杂，实际上并不难。它们不过是用and, but等把两个句子连接起来而已。

[应用体验]　利用“并”的方法翻译句子

1．Some people believe that a Robin Hood (罗宾汉) is at work, others that a wealthy person simply wants to distribute (分发) his or her fortune (财富) before dying.

解析：others后面省略了believe。

答案：一些人相信是罗宾汉在做好事，另一些人相信仅仅是一个有钱人想在自己死之前把自己的财富分发出去。

2．I look forwards to seeing these views (观点) taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants (参与者)．

解析：后面的to和前面的look forward to中的to是并列的。

答案：我期待着看到这些观点被进一步深入探讨，期望着它们能被其他的参与者挑战。

3．Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners.

解析：and连接的两个并列从句。

答案：孩子们在开始说话之前所听的量有很大的不同。开始说话晚的孩子通常听的时间比较长。

英语中的语序一般是：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋方式状语＋地点状语＋时间状语。如：He is doing his homework carefully at home now.但如果语序改变就可能导致句子难以理解。这时我们可以用“还”的办法，把句子还原为正常语序。

(一)动宾之间插入了状语(宾语后置)

宾语一般紧跟在动词的后面，但有时由于宾语过长等原因，常把宾语放到状语的后面。

(二)主谓之间插入了其他成分

(三)在名词和其后置定语或同位语之间插入了其他成分

有时候，由于修饰成分过长或其他原因，把修饰成分后置，使它与被修饰成分隔开。

(四)分裂不定式

在to和动词原形之间插入另一个词的不定式，称为分裂不定式。

(五)插入语

英语在长期的使用过程中形成了相对固定的语序，有时为了强调或叙述方便，把其中的一个成分移动并插入到句子当中，这时，插入的部分前后都要用逗号隔开。在把握句子主要成分时，可以先跳过插入语。

[应用体验]　利用“还”的方法翻译句子

1．The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar (罐子) filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.

解析：正常语序：... placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk ...

答案：教授走进礼堂，把一个装满干豆的罐子放在课桌上，邀请学生们猜罐子里有多少颗豆。

2．The old engineer's eyes still shone bright in the wrinkled (有皱纹的) brown face and his step as he came across the room was steady (稳健), though slow.

解析：正常语序：The old engineer's eyes still shone bright in the wrinkled brown face and his step was steady, though slow, as he came across the room.

答案：当他穿过房间的时候，这个老工程师的眼在布满皱纹的棕色的脸上闪烁着，他的步伐虽然慢但是稳健。

3．The following day, I received a call from a store in Royal Oak offering me a job.

解析：正常语序：The following day, I received a call offering me a job from a store in Royal Oak.

答案：第二天，我接到一个来自Royal Oak的一家商店的一个电话，电话说要给我提供一个工作。

4．To then follow those high­energy rehearsals (排练) with a busy show schedule (日程表) of up to five performances a day, I discovered a new meaning of the words “hard work”．

解析：此句为分裂不定式，正常语序为Then to follow those high­energy rehearsals with a busy show schedule of up to five performances a day, I discovered a new meaning of the words “hard work”．

答案：接着为了跟上那些高能耗的排练和一天多达五次演出的日程安排，我发现了“努力工作”的一层新的含义。

5．Those people, say skeptics (怀疑者), spread (散布) nothing but bad news about the environment.

解析：正常语序：Skeptics say those people spread nothing but bad news about the environment.

答案：怀疑者说，那些人关于环境问题传播的尽是坏消息。

六、放——把成分放到一边，读懂句意就行

汉语是表意语言，按意思把句子堆砌起来即可；而英语是结构语言，要按照语法结构来组织语言。但是，当我们遇到复杂的状语时，我们又看到了英语也有靠语意来组织语言的一面。一般情况下，主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。由于英语的状语类型繁多，有时要判断是什么状语就显得很困难。这时，我们就不要去考虑作什么状语，也没那个必要。我们暂且把这个问题“放”到一边，句子意思读懂就行。

(一)形容词作状语，表示主语所处的状态

(二)分词作状语

主动时用现在分词，被动时用过去分词。

[应用体验]　利用“放”的方法翻译句子

1．Happy as a child, I got on the bicycle and headed out onto the streets.

解析：此句为形容词作状语，说明“我”此时的心情。

答案：高兴得像孩子一样，我骑着自行车向街上而去。

2．Obviously, my grade was awful. Heartbroken but fearless, I decided to turn this around.

解析：hearbbroben but fearless为形容词作状语，说明“我”此时伤心但又不恐惧的心情。

答案：很明显，我的成绩很糟糕。非常伤心但又毫不恐惧，我决定要改变这种情况。

3．He began to jump up and down, as high as he could, at the top of each jump stretching his arms to get the apple.

解析：此句为现在分词作伴随状语。

答案：他开始上下跳，尽可能地向高处跳，在每次跳到最高处的时候伸开手臂去摘那个苹果。

4．Researchers began reporting the benefits of family dinner about a decade ago, focusing mainly on how it affected children.

解析：此句为现在分词作状语。

答案：研究者十年前就开始报道家庭聚餐的好处，主要关注在它对孩子的影响上。

有时遇到一些难理解的句子时，我们可以把所学的语法“联”系起来，把学习的句式“联”系起来，把一些搭配“联”系起来。下面再强调一些阅读中常见，而语法学习中不作为重点的语法现象、句式或搭配。

(一)独立主格结构

“独立主格结构”常见于正式语体，特别是文学体裁，它使句子结构紧凑、用词精练、描写生动、形象具体。独立主格结构和主句之间通常用逗号隔开，但也有用破折号的。

(二)否定相关知识

1．否定的转移。

2．部分否定。

这种现象我们一定要掌握，因为一些阅读理解题就是考查对半否定句的理解。

All that glitters is not gold.

glitter闪光。这句话的意思并不是说“所有的那些闪光的都不是金子”，而是说“闪光的并非都是金子”。这是半否定现象。

3．双重否定。

否定＋否定＝肯定，这样用是为了加强句子的肯定语气。

①I never see the film without being moved to tears.

②She never came without bringing me some gifts.

[分析]　句①意思为：每次看这个影片，我都感动得流泪。句②意思为：她每次来的时候，都会给我带礼物。

(三)双重谓语

(四)but, than作关系代词

(五)过去分词作前置定语

过去分词与副词、名词、形容词构成复合形容词作定语时，位于被修饰的名词之前。

The newly­built building is our office building.

这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。

This is a state­owned factory.

这是一家国有工厂。

(六)动名词的复合结构可以表达某人做某事

动名词可以描述一件事情，而动名词的复合结构可以描述某人做某事。

(七)as do we

(八)do作替代词

(九)关注连接词和固定搭配

有时我们可以通过连接词和固定搭配来帮助我们理清句子成分。

[应用体验]　利用“联”的方法翻译句子

1．Her eyes glaring (怒视), she shouted, “What in the world were you thinking？”

解析：Her eyes glaring为独立主格结构。

答案：她的眼睛发着怒光，她嚷道：“你到底是怎么想的？”

2．I'm not saying it because I hate you and want revenge (报复). I'm not saying it because you rejected (拒绝) me and hurt my feelings terribly.

解析：本句为否定转移。

答案：我这么说不是因为我恨你，想报复你，我这么说更不是因为你拒绝了我，深深地伤害了我的感情。

3．Though I was absolutely (绝对地) thrilled (兴奋) with the change, it did not come without its fair share of challenges.

解析：not ... without为双重否定。

答案：尽管我对这个变化绝对兴奋，但也是经过公平挑战才得到的。

4．They'll let me go home a big hero if I say nice things about them to everybody and never criticize them to anyone for making the rest of the men fly more missions (执行更多的飞行任务)．

解析：句中say和criticize为双重谓语。

答案：如果我对所有的人说他们的好话而不因为他们让其余的人执行更多的飞行任务而批评他们的话，他们就会让我作为一个英雄回家。

5．They can learn to read each other's body language, suggesting that the two may have more in common than was previously (以前) suspected (猜想)．

解析：句中than作关系代词。

答案：他们能够学会读懂彼此的身体语言，这表明这两者可能比以前所猜想的有更多的共同之处。

6．Each of us has deeply held (深藏的) beliefs.

解析：句中held为过去分词作前置定语，修饰beliefs。

答案：我们每个人都有深藏的信仰。

7．It didn't take long before reports of squirrels (松鼠) using the bridge started.

解析：句中using ...为动名词的复合结构。

答案：没过多久，松鼠使用这个桥的一些报道就开始了。

8．In most countries, the oldest generation considered values (价值观) more important to a nation than did those who are under 45 years old.

解析：than did those who are under 45 years old相当于than those who are under 45 years old did。

答案：在大多数国家，最年老的一代比那些四十五岁以下的更重视价值观。

9．Our smiles have just as much to do with them making us a part of their everyday lives as the coffee does.

解析：as the coffee does相当于as the coffee has much to do with them making us a part of their everyday lives.

答案：我们的微笑和我们的咖啡一样，都是我们成为他们日常生活一部分的原因(都是他们天天来喝我们咖啡的原因)。

10．Many scientists connect higher surface water temperature resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.

解析：句中connect ...to为固定搭配。

答案：许多科学家认为风暴变大、破坏力增强与由于全球变暖导致水的表面温度上升有关。

专题一名词和冠词

语法项目(一)　名　词

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.

2．(2016·四川高考)Any smell might attract natural enemies (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.

3．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings (painting)．

 ——规则点拨

1．物质名词一般不用复数形式，但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别。

fishes各种鱼　　fruits各种水果　　steels各种钢材

2．物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。

a cup of tea一杯茶

two pairs of trousers两条裤子

four pieces of bread四片面包

3．有些名词的单数和复数形式表示不同的含义。

work(工作)→works(著作)

arm(手臂)→arms(军火)

glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜)

cloth(布)→clothes(衣服)

4．有些名词既可用作可数又可用作不可数，但是意义不同。

room空间→a room一间房

glass玻璃→a glass一个玻璃杯子

chicken鸡肉→a chicken一只小鸡

paper纸→a paper一张报纸

5．有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。police, people。

6．有些名词单复数同形。

means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂), cattle。

7．有些名词如被看作整体时就用作单数，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就用作复数。

class, family, couple, audience, government, public。

8．有些名词经常以复数形式出现。

glasses眼镜　　　　　　　 clothes衣服

goods货物   trousers裤子

ashes灰尘   surroundings环境

belongings所有物   congratulations祝贺

have words with sb.同某人吵架

9．合成名词的复数。

go­between→go­betweens(中间人)，

grown­up→grown­ups, passer­by→passers­by。

[注意事项]　以s, x, ch, sh结尾的单词复数形式一般加­es。watch—watches(此时ch的发音是/tʃ/)，而stomach—stomachs (此时ch的发音是/k/)例外。

 ——对点演练(单句改错)

1．(2017·合肥八中第一次段考)The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel.minute→minutes

2．(2017·安徽示范性高中联考)First, we should adopt a positive attitudes towards failure.attitudes→attitude

3．(2015·陕西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of baking.step→steps

4．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Since then — for all these year — we have been allowing tomatoes to self­seed where they please.year→years

5．(2013·全国卷Ⅱ)When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.cup→cups

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2015·安徽高考改编)There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some thought (think) and then let me know.

2．(2013·湖北高考改编)He didn't selfishly keep for himself the money inherited from his uncle. Instead, he made a generous contribution (contribute) to help the community.

 ——规则点拨

1．名词与介词搭配  

above average　　　　 超过平均水平

at present   目前

at risk   冒险

beyond compare   无与伦比

beyond belief   难以置信

by mistake   错误地

by chance/accident   偶然

by nature   天生

by no means   决不，一点也不

for sale   供出售

for an instant   一瞬间

in ruins   破败不堪

in advance   提前

in public   公开

in detail   详细地

in conclusion   总之

on purpose   故意地

on the whole   总的来说

on the contrary   相反

out of date   过时

out of order   出故障，不整洁

out of breath   上气不接下气

out of the question   不可能

out of control   失控

out of sight   不在视野之内

under repair   在修理中

under consideration   在考虑中

under discussion   在讨论中

under construction   在建设中

2．名词与动词搭配

catch sight of瞥见　　　　 find fault with挑……的错

make use of利用 keep pace with与……同步

make a fool of愚弄   make fun of取笑

pay attention to注意   put an end to结束……

take notice of注意到 take part in参加

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·广西柳州、钦州、北海高三模拟)So I asked her why she sat there in silence (silent).

2．You are working too hard. You'd better keep a balance (balanced) between work and relaxation.

3．Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children's reach (reachable)．

 ——规则点拨

1．抽象名词通常是不可数名词，但是具体到某人或某物身上时可以加不定冠词。

experience经验(不可数名词)→an experience一次经历(可数名词)

surprise惊奇(不可数名词)→a surprise令人吃惊的人或事(可数名词)

pleasure愉快(不可数名词)→a pleasure一件乐事，一个乐趣(可数名词)

honor荣誉(不可数名词)→an honor一个(件)光荣的人或事(可数名词)

success成功(不可数名词)→a success一个(件)成功的人或事(可数名词)

comfort安慰(不可数名词)→a comfort一个(件)令人安慰的人或事(可数名词)

2．物质名词通常是不可数名词，但是可以量化。

coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡

smoke烟→a smoke一支烟，two smokes两支烟

drink饮料→a drink一杯饮料，five drinks五杯饮料

3．物质名词有前置、后置定语修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。

have a wonderful breakfast吃一顿丰盛的早餐(have breakfast吃早餐)

　　　　　　　　　　　　　他们那每年都下一场大雪。(They have a heavy snow every year.)

我们昨晚很愉快。(Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不饶人。)

 ——对点演练(单句改错)

1．Everyone agreed the picnic was great success.was后加a

2．—A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.

—Yes, news came as shock to me.shock前加a 

3．Though we are now out of danger, the broken bridge is still great danger to car drivers.great前加a

4．After many failure, they finally succeeded.failure→failures

 5.Your advice was great help to me.great前加a

1．给其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)提示词，填写名词，考查名词的数

①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________ (attract).

解析：attraction　形容词top修饰空格处的名词，attract的名词形式是attraction，意思是“吸引人之物”。

②(2016·浙江高考改编)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our ________ (different) unite, rather than divide us.

解析：differences　由空格前的our可知此处应用名词的复数形式。

2．给名词形式提示词，填写名词，考查名词的数

①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed ...

解析：days　“every few＋复数名词”意思是“每隔……”。every few days“每隔几天”。

②(2011·浙江高考改编)Anyway, I can't cheat him — it's against all my ________ (principle)．

解析：principles　由空格前的all my可知此处应用名词的复数形式。

3．考查名词的固定搭配

①(2015·江苏高考改编)Some schools will have to make ________ (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.

解析：adjustments　make adjustments“做出调整”，为固定搭配。

②(2014·天津高考改编)My parents always attach great ________ (important) to my getting a good education.

解析：importance　attach great importance to“认为……非常重要”，为固定搭配。

1．可数名词单复数的错用

2．混淆名词的可数与不可数

3．词性错用，如误把动词、形容词等当作名词

[增分技法]

1．利用“抽象名词具体化”轻松写句子

①昨天夜里下了一场大雨。

There was a heavy rain last night.

②我希望你过得愉快。

I hope you'll have a good time.

2．巧妙表达名词的量

①那辆汽车以每小时60英里的速度行驶。

The car runs at a speed of sixty miles an hour.

②中国是一个有13亿多人口的国家。

China is a country with a population of over thirteen billion people.

[巧用增分]

①被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider, honor)

I_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party. 

②结果试验成功了。(turn out, success)

It_turned_out_that_the_experiment_was_a_success. 

③作为一名作家他是失败的。(failure)

As_a_writer,_he_was_a_failure. 

④这个城市人口超过200万，是这个国家的第二大城市。(a population)

With_a_population_of_over_2_million,_the_city_is_the_second_largest_in_the_country. 

⑤建于20世纪50年代末，我们学校有将近70年历史。(a history)

Set_up_in_the_late_1950s,_our_school_has_a_history_of_nearly_70_years. 

语法项目(二)　冠　词

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2016·浙江高考改编)The prize for the winner of the competition is a two­week holiday in Paris.

2．(2012·山东高考改编)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.

 ——规则点拨

不定冠词用来表示one, the same, a certain或every的意思。

In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language.

为了找到一份更好的工作，他决定学习另一门外语。

[注意事项]

1．表示“每……”或数量上的“一(个)……时”，a/an和one可以互换。

2．表示种类时，它们不能互换。不定冠词“a/an＋单数可数名词”可表示种类；而one只能表示数量。

3．牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词。它们是information, fun, weather, progress, advice, news, space, word (＝news), furniture, equipment等，均不可与不定冠词连用。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·湖北省十校联考)It is a common mistake for students to present something as a proven fact when it is actually an opinion.

2．(2017·宿州高三期末)Li Hua has a good knowledge of English and this will be an advantage over others in finding a proper job.

3．(2017·青岛自主诊断)After a short silence, the man told the doctor that he seized all the money that his father gave to his brother, who was abroad.

4．(2017·郑州高三二模)It's a pleasure for me to be here to speak to such a distinguished group from all over the world.

5．(2017·石家庄二模)Our destination was Orewa, a seaside town.

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _the_ most modern of architects and engineers.

2．(2014·广东高考)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on _the_ top floor.

3．(2014·天津高考改编)Life is like an ocean: Only the strong­willed can reach the other shore.

4．(2013·陕西高考改编)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.

 ——规则点拨

1．用在序数词和形容词最高级前。

Yang Liwei is the first man who has been sent into space in China.

在中国，杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。

2．用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉和群岛的名称前。

the Yellow River黄河　the Pacific Ocean太平洋

3．用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。

the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国

the United States美国

4．用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。

the Greens格林一家　the Smiths史密斯一家

5．表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。

She caught me by the arm.

她抓住了我的手臂。

6．用在某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人或事。

the poor/rich/dead/living/wounded穷人/富人/死人/活着的人/受伤的人

7．表示朝代和年代的词前。

the Ming Dynasty明朝

in the 1980's 在20世纪80年代

8．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the yard等，但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。

I got paid by the hour.

我按小时得到报酬。

[注意事项]

1．表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the；但如果名词前有修饰语来表示“什么样的”时也可用不定冠词。

the world世界　a peaceful world一个和平的世界

2．表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词，但如果该名词作为普通名词，也可用不定冠词。

There is a piano in his study.

在他的书房里有一架钢琴。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·济南外国语学校模拟)Nowadays, how we can take good care of the old is becoming a hot and serious topic.

2．(2017·泰安二模)It was a burning­hot, summer's day and I was longing to go swimming at the local pool. Instead, I was riding in the back seat of the car as my parents drove to a friend's house.

3．(2017·江西八校一模)He tapped her on the shoulder, “Hi! I have been looking for you for such a long time！”

4．(2017·济南高考模拟)When he became a doctor, he tapped people's chests to see how much liquid was in their lungs. Laennec did the same and learned to tell by tapping carefully on a chest whether it was diseased or not.

5．(2017·大庆市二轮复习检测)I should be very interested to meet the man who threw the stone you mentioned in the newspaper.

——规则点拨

1．表示一类人或事物的复数名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示泛指，一般不用冠词。

Glass can be made into bottles.

玻璃可以制成瓶子。

2．学科，国名、洲名，三餐，球类、棋类、游戏名称，节日、星期、月份、季节，头衔、职务等名词前一般不用冠词，但是在中国的传统节日前要用冠词。

Chinese汉语　　　　　 National Day国庆节

Sunday星期天   spring春天

June六月   play chess下棋

the Spring Festival春节

He is chairman of the meeting.

他是会议主席。

[注意事项]

1．school, college, prison, hospital, bed, class, church等词表示动词含义时，前边不加冠词，表示其他含义时，按照具体情况，加不定冠词或定冠词。

at school在校学习　in hospital住院　in bed卧床

at church在教堂做礼拜

2．表示语言的名词前面一般不用冠词，但后面如果出现language一词，前面需加定冠词the。

English＝the English language英语

 ——对点演练(单句改错)

1．(2017·九江模拟)Sam has been appointed the manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.去掉manager前的the

2．(2017·成都外国语学校高三月考)I told him I could not go to the college because I did not want to study anymore.去掉the 

3．(2017·江西省重点中学高三联考)Though I am busy with my study, I often imagine what my life will be like in the ten years.去掉the

4．(2017·郑州一模)I used to be too shy to speak English in the public.去掉the

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed, _the_ other is with mum — she never suspects.

2．(2015·浙江高考改编)Jane's grandmother had wanted to write a children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in the way.

3．(2013·广东高考)In the beginning, there was only _a_ very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always thinking that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.

 ——规则点拨

1．用不定冠词的短语

all of a sudden＝suddenly　　　　 突然

as a matter of fact＝in fact   事实上

in a hurry   匆忙

at a time   一次

pay a visit to   参观

have a try   尝试

take a look   看一看

have a rest   休息

play a joke on   取笑某人；开某人玩笑

a kind of   一种

a large quantity of＝large quantities of　 许多

a great deal of   许多

2．用定冠词的短语

in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早晨/下午/晚上

in the end   最后

at the beginning of   在……开始时

in the middle of   在……中间

on the contrary   相反

on the other hand   另一方面

in the hope of   希望

to tell the truth   说实话

3．不用冠词的短语

at noon (night, dawn, midnight) 在正午(晚上，黄昏，午夜)

leave school   毕业

catch fire   着火

lose heart   失去信心

take place   发生

by chance   巧合

for example   例如

in trouble   在困境中

[注意事项]

1．固定短语的构成是不可随意改变的，包括其中的冠词。

2．固定短语的意思要牢记。要用于合适的语境中。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·河南林州一中高三模拟)If we make enough preparations, we will succeed. Have a good time!

2．(2017·大庆质量检测二)If I were ever short of cash and couldn't afford to do anything much, which in those days was usually the case, I could always go outside and take a look around.

3．(2017·浙江省五校联考)Zinio is a platform for digital magazines, with more than 5,500 magazines from a wide range of publishers.

冠词在语法填空题中通常以无提示词的形式进行考查，通常考查以下用法：

1．不定冠词的基本用法

①(2015·广东高考)Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned ________ farm, which looked almost abandoned.

解析：a　farm在文中是第一次出现，而且表示泛指，所以用不定冠词a。

②(2015·四川高考改编)Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be ________ Beethoven.

解析：a　空格处用不定冠词表示一类人。

2．定冠词的基本用法

①(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Now, years later, this river is one of ________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

解析：the　后面的most outstanding是最高级，其前面要用定冠词the。

②(2012·全国卷改编)Sarah looked at ________ finished painting with satisfaction.

解析：the　根据painting前的修饰成分finished可知是特指那幅画，故填the。

3．冠词在固定短语中的习惯用法

①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ________ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.

解析：a　for a while是固定搭配，意为“片刻，一会儿”。

②(2012·江西高考改编)The Smiths don't usually like staying at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by ________ sea.

解析：the　by the sea“在海边”，为固定搭配。

1．不定冠词a和an的错用

2．不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用

3．单数可数名词前冠词的缺失

4．定冠词the的缺失

5．冠词的多余

6．常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余

[增分技法]

1．遇到名词要考虑前面冠词是特指还是泛指

①水对于我们生活很重要，因此我们要尽最大努力来阻止它被污染。

Water is important to our life, so we must do our best to prevent it from being polluted.

②我家乡附近那条河里的水已经被严重污染。我们要求政府尽早采取适当的措施来保护它。

The water in the river near my hometown has been polluted seriously. We demand our government take appropriate measures to protect it as soon as possible.

2．活用不定冠词a, an

就在那时，有一个七岁的小女孩正步行穿越马路。

Just then, there was a seven­year­old girl walking across the street.

3．掌握好名词前用the的各种情况

会议将于周四下午三点到四点在3号楼四楼的402房间举行。

The meeting will be held in Room 402 on the fourth floor of Building 3 from 3 p．m. to 4 p．m. on Thursday afternoon.

4．掌握好名词前不用冠词的情况

①春节是中国孩子最高兴的日子，他们可以穿最漂亮的衣服、吃最喜欢的食物。但是，在元旦他们通常不这样。

The Spring Festival is the happiest day for children in China, when they can wear their nicest clothes and eat their favorite food. However, they can't do so on New Year's Day.

②我们要招聘的这个人，最好年龄在二十多岁，精通英语，有办公室工作经历和丰富的管理经验。

A young man in his twenties with a good knowledge of English, an experience of office work and rich experience in management is preferred.

[巧用增分]

①都说老师们过着简朴的生活，但我认为当老师很有意义。(be said to, live a simple life, be a teacher, meaningful)

Teachers_are_said_to_live_a_simple_life,_but_I_think_being_a_teacher_is_meaningful.

②由于他把大部分时间都用在学英语上，难怪他英语说得这么流利。(as, devote ...to, no wonder, fluently)

As_he_has_devoted_most_of_his_time_to_learning_English,_it's_no_wonder_that_he_speaks_it_so_fluently.

③张华，我们班的班长，昨天被选为我们学校的学生会主席。(monitor, elect, chairman of the Students' Union)

Zhang_Hua,_monitor_of_our_class,_was_elected_chairman_of_the_Students'_Union_of_our_school_yesterday.

[题点对点练]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．Yesterday the firemen (fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.

2．If a young man wants to become a singer, he should take some special courses  (course) in this area because they will help him improve singing abilities.

3．As far as I know, two car thieves (thief) have been caught in our community.

4．We have made preparations (prepare) to move to new offices.

5．(2017·浙江温州市高三联考)Beijing has been chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, which is a great encouragement to all Chinese.

6．I tried to appear at ease when the foreign guest greeted me by kissing me on the cheek.

7．I signed it “Some thankful students” and slipped it into an envelope.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．There are branch library in many villages to improve people's reading level. library→libraries

2．You should follow the doctor's advices and give up smoking.advices→advice

3．(2017·长沙一模)All a way we were chatting, singing and laughing, enjoying the fresh air and the beautiful scenery.a→the_

4．(2017·银川质量检测)This afternoon I went to see my grandfather by a bus.去掉a

5．(2017·赣州模拟)He became a engineer instead and spent most of his time studying car design.a→an

Ⅲ.单句写作

1．他开始对传统医药学产生了极大的兴趣。(interest, Chinese traditional medicine)

He_began_to_take_a_great_interest_in_Chinese_traditional_medicine.

2．他月收入上万，过着富裕的生活。(income)

With an income of more than ten thousand yuan a month, he lives a rich life.

3．在我看来，在学校一个学生应当关心他的学业成绩。(personally, care about, academic performance)

Personally,_a_student_should_care_about_his_or_her_academic_performance_at_school.

4．中午的时候在没有任何保护措施的情况下直视太阳对我们的眼睛有害。(be harmful to, look straight at, without any protection)

It_is_harmful_to_our_eyes_to_look_straight_at_the_sun_without_any_protection_at_noon.

5．我喜欢门大、窗户大的房子，但是眼前有红屋顶的这一座不是我喜欢的。(with big doors and windows, a red roof, not my type)

I_like_houses_with_big_doors_and_windows,_but_the_one_with_a_red_roof_before_us_is_not_my_type.

[题型综合练]

Ⅰ.语法填空

(2017·河南省重点高中高三质检)

Styrofoam is plastic __1__ a bad reputation.

It cannot be recycled without releasing dangerous pollutants into the air. The U．S. Environmental Protection Agency __2__ (say) it is the fifth largest creator of dangerous waste.

Scientists from the U．S. and China have discovered that mealworms can digest plastic. One mealworm can digest a pillsized amount of plastic a day.

Study co­author Wei­Min Wu says that in 24 hours, the plastic __3__ (turn) into carbon dioxide.

Are the worms hurt by __4__ (eat) plastic? The study found that worms eating Styrofoam were as __5__ (health) as worms eating bran (糠)．

Styrofoam is a lightweight material, about 95 percent air, with very good insulation properties (绝缘性), according to Earthsource. org. It is used in products from __6__ (cup) that keep your drinks hot or cold to packaging materials __7__ protect items during shipping.

“Solving __8__ problem of plastic pollution is important. Landfill space is becoming limited，” says Wu, a Stanford University environmental engineering instructor.

About 33 million tons of plastic are thrown away in the United States every year. Plastic plates, cups and containers take __9__ 25 percent to 30 percent of space in America's landfills. One Styrofoam cup takes more than 1 million years __10__ (recycle) in a landfill, according to Cleveland State University.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中美科学家发现大黄粉虫的幼虫能消化塑料垃圾。

1．with　with a bad reputation表示“有坏名声”。

2．says　文章时态以一般现在时为主，且主语为单数名词，故填says。

3．is turned　主语the plastic为不可数名词，与turn之间构成动宾关系，且该句为一般现在时，故填is turned。

4．eating　介词by后接动名词作宾语，故填eating。

5．healthy　系动词后用形容词作表语，故填healthy。

6．cups　分析句子结构可知，空后that引导的定语从句中的谓语动词为keep，故应用复数名词cups。

7．that/which　分析句子结构可知，这里是一个定语从句，从句缺少主语且指代物，故填that或which。

8．the　因problem后有of plastic pollution作后置定语，表示特指，故填the。

9．up　根据语境可知，此处表示“占据(take up)”，故填up。

10．to recycle　根据“sth./sb. takes some time to do sth.”结构可知，此处应填to recycle。

Ⅱ.短文改错

(2017·南昌十校高三模考)

A foreign student graduated with honors from a finely university in Germany. He expected to find a good job and have a bright future.But in his disappointment, he wasn't even given the chance for interview! The third time he was refused, he phoned the company to ask how.“We don't employ dishonest people in Germany” is the answer. What was wrong? Shortly before he arrived in Germany, he found easy to steal subway rides. But he often rode without a ticket and was caught up three times. Now he had to pay a high price for his own behavior. We should all keep in minds: honesty is the best policy.

答案：第一句：finely→fine

第三句：in→to; for后加an

第四句：how→why

第五句：is→was

第七句：before→after; found后加it

第八句：But→So; 去掉up

第十句：minds→mind

专题二代词和介词

语法项目(一)　代　词

 ——考题尝试(单句改错)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in a short period of time. Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steadily. our→his

2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books. your→our 

3．(2016·四川高考) When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in her hand. her→his 

4．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ) We must find ways to protect your environment. your→our/the

 5.(2014·浙江高考) Then everyone in the carriage began searching for the ticket, which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner. his→its/the

 ——规则点拨

1．人称代词作主语(使用主格)。

I like English and maths very much.

我非常喜欢英语和数学。

2．人称代词作宾语(使用宾格)。

Miss Milly teaches us dancing.

米莉小姐教我们舞蹈。

3．人称代词作表语(常用宾格形式)。

—Who is there?

—It's me.

——谁在那儿？

——是我。

4．两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：

(1)在并列主语中，I总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二三一(人称)。宾格me也一样。

You, she and I will be in charge of the case.

你、我、她将负责这个案子。

(2)第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。

He and she still don't agree to the plan.

他和她还是不同意这个计划。

5．物主代词可分为名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。

(1)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语，不能单独使用。

Those people are my schoolmates.

那些人是我的校友。

Would you mind my opening the window?

你介意我开窗户吗？

(2)名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作后置定语，但不能单独作定语。

Your bike is black. Mine (My bike) is red.

你的自行车是黑色的，我的(自行车)是红色的。

Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of theirs.

凯特姐妹俩和她们的一个表妹一起度假去了。

[注意事项]

1．介词后面只能跟人称代词的宾格作宾语，不能接主格。

There is a desk between you and I．(误)

There is a desk between you and me.(正)

你和我之间有张桌子。

2．在比较级的句子中than, as后用主格、宾格都可以。

He is taller than me (I)．他比我高。

但在下列句子中有区别：

I like Jack as much as her.＝I like both Jack and her.

杰克和她，我同样喜欢。

I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him, too.

我和她都同样喜欢杰克。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·四川资阳一诊)The government has changed its (it) policy.

2．This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.

3．(2017·广东汕头二模)This is 18­year­old Musa Bockarie's story about how first aid saved his (he) life.

4．(2017·安徽庐江六校高三联考)Doctor：Where did you hit your (you) head?

Patient：Right on the back.

5．(2017·山东青岛一模)Mr. Green has two sons, and one of them is working as a bus driver now.

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by its (it) mother.

2．(2016·四川高考) By that time, the panda no longer needed  its (it) mother for food.

3．(2014·大纲卷改编)—Who's that at the door?

—It is the milkman.

4．(2014·浙江高考改编)An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year, making it the driest year since California became a state in 1850.

 ——规则点拨

一、it作人称代词

1．用于指事物。

it用作人称代词最基本的用法就是代替前面已提到过的事物，以避免重复。

This is my watch. It's a Swiss one.

这是我的手表。它是瑞士制造的。

2．用于指动物或婴儿。

除用于指代事物外，还可指动物或性别不详的婴儿，未确定身份的人。

They got a baby and it was very lovely.

他们生了个孩子，很可爱。

Someone must have been here. But we have no idea who it was.

一定有人来过，但我们不知道是谁。

3．用于上文提到的情况，这时可以指代前面整个句子的内容。

He smokes in bed and I don't like it.

他在床上抽烟，我不喜欢他这样。

二、it作无人称代词

1．基本用法。

it作无人称代词的用法，主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。

(1)指天气：It is a lovely day, isn't it?

天气真好，不是吗？

(2)指时间：It was nearly midnight when she came back.

她回来时已经将近午夜了。

(3)指日期：It is April 1st today.

今天是4月1日。

(4)指距离：It is some 2,300 kilometers from Beijing to Guangzhou.

从北京到广州大约2 300千米。

(5)指价值：It is three dollars.

价钱是3美元。

(6)指温度：Today it is 30 degrees centigrade.

今天的气温有30℃。

2．用于某些句型。

It's time for sth.该做某事了

It's time to do sth.到做某事的时候了

It's time for sb. to do sth.某人该做某事了

It's (about/high) time＋that从句　某人该做某事了(从句谓语用过去式或“should＋动词原形”，should不可省略)

It's the first (second ...) time＋that从句　某人第几次做某事(从句谓语用现在完成时)

It's＋时间段＋since从句　自从……有一段时间了

It's＋时间段＋before从句　过多长时间才……

三、it作形式主语

it作为形式主语常常用于以下几个句型：

1．It＋be＋形容词＋主语从句。

It is uncertain whether he can come to Jenny's birthday party or not.

他能否来珍妮的生日聚会还不确定。

2．It＋be＋名词词组＋主语从句。

这类名词有a fact, a pity, a shame, an honour, a question等。

It is still a question whether he will come or not.

他来不来还是个问题。

3．It＋be＋过去分词＋主语从句。

It is reported that 16 people were killed in the earthquake.

据报道16个人在地震中丧生。

4．It＋be＋形容词(＋for sb.)＋动词不定式。

It's necessary for the young to master two foreign languages.

年轻人掌握两门外语是必需的。

5．It＋be＋形容词＋of sb.＋动词不定式。

这类形容词常表示心理品质、性格特征，如kind, nice, stupid, clever, foolish, polite, impolite, silly, selfish, considerate等。

It's very kind of you to help me with the work.

→You are kind to help me with the work.

你能帮我太好了。

6．It＋be＋名词词组＋动词不定式。

It is not a good habit to stay up too late.

熬夜太晚不是好习惯。

7．It＋be＋名词或形容词＋动名词。

这类名词和形容词常是good, no good, no use, a waste of, useless, senseless等。

It is no use arguing about the matter with him.

和他争论这个问题没有用。

8．It＋takes (sb.)＋时间(金钱)＋动词不定式。

It took the workers almost three years to finish building the dam.

建这个坝花费了工人们差不多三年时间。

四、it作形式宾语

it作形式宾语，真正宾语为不定式、动名词、从句等，且在it后面有宾语补足语，即：动词＋it＋宾语补足语＋真正宾语。

1．动词(make/feel/find/consider/think等)＋it＋形容词或名词＋不定式。

I felt it an honour to be invited to make a speech here.

对于受邀来这演讲我感到很荣幸。

2．动词＋介词＋it＋that从句。

You may depend on it that it is true.

你可以相信这件事是真的。

3．动词＋it＋when (if)从句。

能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer等。

I dislike it when you whistle.

我不爱听你吹口哨。

We really appreciate it when she offered to help.

她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。

五、it构成强调句

1．it引导的强调句，通常形式为：It＋be＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他。这种强调句由普通陈述句转换而来，用来强调句子的主语、宾语或状语。

Karl bought Marva a bicycle on her birthday.

→It was Karl that/who bought Marva a bicycle on her birthday.(强调主语)

→It was for Marva that Karl bought a bicycle on her birthday.(强调间接宾语)

→It was a bicycle that Karl bought Marva on her birthday.(强调直接宾语)

→It was on her birthday that Karl bought Marva a bicycle.(强调状语)

2．注意区别强调句中的that/who分句与定语从句。

It was the student that/who asked the silly question.(强调句)

是这个学生问了这么一个愚蠢的问题。

He was the student who asked the silly question.(定语从句)

他就是那个问了愚蠢问题的学生。

3．强调句的疑问句形式。

(1)强调句的一般疑问句形式是：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子剩余部分。

Was it under the tree that you held your party last night?

昨晚你们是在这棵树下举行的晚会吗？

(2)强调句的特殊疑问句形式是：“疑问词＋is/was＋that/who ...”。

Why is it that you hate winter?

你究竟为什么不喜欢冬天？

[注意事项]　

强调句不能强调谓语动词，强调谓语动词用do/does/did。

If you have a job, do devote yourself to it.

如果你有一份工作，就一定要全心投入。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·三门峡市考前适应性训练)She remembered how difficult it was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.

2．(2017·曲阜市三校模拟)It has to wait patiently and pitifully for its (it) owner to claim it, otherwise it'll remain alone as a deserted umbrella.

3．(2014·陕西高考改编)I'd appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.

4．(2017·福州十三中高三期中)All of them complained about the stone but not tried to remove it.

5．(2017·黑龙江重点高中联考)It was funny watching myself on TV.

 ——考题尝试(单句改错)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot. many→much

2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself. However, my parents didn't seem to think such. such→so

3．(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and tasty. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors. much→many

 ——规则点拨

一、one, ones, the one, the ones, that和those

1．one

(1)代替上文中出现过的单数可数名词，表示泛指(同类但不是同一物)，前面可以有冠词或形容词，也可以有this, that或another，但前面不能有物主代词。

I have lost my pen. I'm going to buy one.

我丢了钢笔，我打算再买一支。

(2)one作为不定人称代词，可泛指“任何一个人”，有one's和oneself形式。多用于正式文体，口语中也可用he/his代替one/one's。

One has to take care of oneself and one's family if he can.

如果可能的话，一个人必须照料自己和家人。

2．ones是one的复数形式，常用来代替复数可数名词，表示泛指，前面不用物主代词修饰，也不用these或those来直接修饰，除非ones前面有形容词。

These yellow waistcoats are so small. I want those green ones.

这些黄色的马甲太小了，我要那些绿色的。

3．the one替代表示特指的单数名词。

Hand me my coat. It's the one hanging on the wall.

把那件外套递给我，挂在墙上的那件。

4．the ones替代表示特指的复数名词。

I'd like to try on those shoes, the ones at the front of the window.

我想试试那双鞋，在窗子前面的那双。

5．that用来代替上下文中的名词，它表示与前面同类不同一的东西。that既可代替不可数名词，又可代替单数可数名词，其后总有后置定语，一般不指人。

(1)代替不可数名词。

Life in the countryside seems more exciting than that in town.

农村的生活好像比城市的要热闹。

(2)指代可数名词时，that相当于the one。

My room is better than that/the one next door.

我的房间比隔壁的要好。

6．those是that的复数形式，可用来替代可数名词的复数形式，表示特指；有时the ones和those可互换使用，常有后置定语。

The students in our class work harder than those in their class.

我们班的学生比他们班的更努力。

二、other, the other, others, the others, another

1．other

可作形容词或代词，作形容词时，意思是“别的，其他的”，泛指“其他的(人或物)”。

Do you have any other question(s)?

你还有其他问题吗？

2．the other

(1)指两个人或物中的一个时，只能用the other，不能用another，此时的other作代词。

He has two daughters, one is a nurse, the other is a worker.

他有两个女儿，一个是护士，另一个是工人。

(2)后面可加单数名词，也可加复数名词。

On the other side of the street, there is a tall tree.

在街道的另一边，有一棵大树。

Mary is much taller than the other girls in our class.

玛丽比我们班其他的女孩高得多。

3．others

others是other的复数形式，泛指“另外几个，其他的”，在句中可作主语、宾语。

Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports.

我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞，其他的参加体育活动。

4．the others

只作代词，意思是“其他东西，其余的人”，特指某一范围内的“剩余的(人或物)”，是the other的复数形式。the others＝the other＋复数名词。

Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home.

两个男孩将去动物园，其余的留在家里。

5．another

既可作形容词，也可作代词，泛指同类人或事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。

This T­shirt is a little tight on the shoulders.Please show me another one.

这件T恤在肩膀处有点紧，请给我另一件看看。

三、some, any, all, both, either, neither, each, every这一类词，除every只能作限定词外，其余都是既可作限定词，也可作不定代词。

any boy/any (one) of the (three or more) boys

任一男孩/(三个或更多中的)任一男孩

1．表示“全体”，可用all和both，但all表示三个或三个以上人或物的“全体”，而both则表示两个人或物的“全体”。如果要表示“全体都不”的意思，当“全体”为三个或更多的人或物时，通常用none。如果要表示两个人或物“都不”，通常要用neither。

All the four applicants are below the average.

这四位申请者都很平庸。

None of the students failed the examination.

没有一个学生考试不及格。

Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan.

两辆车没有一辆产自日本。

2．表示全体中的“每个”，如果这个“全体”包含三个或更多的人或物，通常用every。如果这个“全体”包含两个或两个以上的人或物，便可以用each。every与each的区别还在于every指许多人或物中的“每个”，侧重在全体，近乎all的含义。

Every student in the class took part in the performance.

这个班的每个学生都参加了这次表演。

Each/Every side of the square was crowded with people.

广场的四周都挤满了人。

3．表示全体中的“任何一个”，也要看这个“全体”是包含三个或更多，还是只包含两个。当“全体”包含三个或三个以上，要表示其中任何一个须用any。

Any (＝Every) child would know that.

每个孩子都知道这个。

当“全体”只包含两个时，要表示其中任何一个须用either。

We have two copies left. Keep either (copy) for the file.

我们有两份拷贝剩下，为文件保留其中的一份。

但在on either side, on either end等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。

There are stairways at either end of the corridor.

走廊的两头都有楼梯。

[注意事项]

1．it和they是指代同名同物，而one, the one, ones, the ones, that, those指代的是同名不同物。比较：

I have been looking for a house.I haven't found one.

我一直在找一处房子，但是没找到。

I found a house yesterday and I bought it.

我昨天找到了一处房子并买下来了。

2．none代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可以是单数也可以是复数，但是代替不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数。

—Can you lend me some money?

—Sorry, none of mine is left.

——你能借我点钱吗？

——抱歉，我的用完了。

3．否定词和every, both, all在同一个句子中使用表示部分否定。

Every student didn't pass the exam.Two students failed.

学生没有全通过考试。两个学生没及格。

Not all the people present at the meeting voted for the plan.

参加会议的人没有全部投票支持这个计划。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2015·重庆高考改编)The meeting will be held in September, but nobody knows the date for sure.

2．(2015·陕西高考改编)To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against  the_other.

3．(2014·四川高考改编)She'd lived in London and Manchester, but she liked neither and moved to Cambridge.

4．(2015·天津高考改编)The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.

5．(2017·浙江温州返校联考)During the rush hour, I have been looking for a taxi but haven't found one yet.

6．(2017·陕西宝鸡九校联考)Equipped with modern facilities, today's hospitals are quite different from those of the past.

1．考查人称代词的主格和宾格

①(2015·广东高考) Now it occurred to ________ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.

解析：him　根据空后的“his farm”可知应填him。It occurs to sb. that ...“某人突然想起……”。

②(2014·全国卷Ⅱ) A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh  dear! It's ________ (I)．”

解析：me/mine　此处It如果指前面的suitcase，那么此处应使用名词性物主代词mine；如指前面的anyone，那么此处应用I的宾格形式me。故应填mine/me。

2．考查物主代词的用法  

(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)A few hours before, I'd been at home in Hong Kong, with ________ (it) choking smog.

解析：its　因为smog是名词，所以需要用it的形容词性物主代词形式，故填its。

3．考查it的用法

①(2014·辽宁高考)Raise your leg and let  ________  stay in the air for seconds.

解析：it　根据语境可知此处应该填入指代leg的代词。

②(2014·广东高考)Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said ________ was a wonderful holiday destination.

解析：it　从空后的“a wonderful holiday destination”可以知道，这个地方就是Miami，用it指代前面提到的地点。

4．考查不定代词和替代词的用法

①(2016·浙江高考改编) In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ________ in the UK.

解析：that　根据句意可知，空格处可以填入the education system，故可以用that来代替。

②(2015·四川高考改编) Niki is always full of ideas, but ________ is useful to my knowledge.

解析：none　句中的“full of ideas”表明主意是三个或三个以上，所以用none表示完全否定。

1．代词单复数的错用

2．物主代词的错用

3．不定代词的错用

4．代词与其所指代的对象不符

[增分技法]

使用好代词，写出正确优美句子。

①在我看来，我们学生应当遵守学校制度，做学校让我们做的事情。

In my opinion, we students should obey the regulations of our school, and do whatever our school asks us to do.

②在冬季，北京的天气比广州的天气冷得多。

In winter, the weather of Beijing is much colder than that of Guangzhou.

[巧用增分]

①张老师是一位非常受人尊重的老师，一位我们余生都不会忘记的老师。(a most respected, one, for the rest of our lives)

Mr._Zhang_is_a_most_respected_teacher,_one_we'll_never_forget_for_the_rest_of_our_lives.

②每个人都应关心环境。我们中的每一个人都应当为保护环境做出贡献。(everyone, care about, the environment, every one, make a contribution to)

Everyone_should_care_about_the_environment_and_every_one_of_us_should_make_a_contribution_to_protecting_it.

③一些人支持这个观点，然而，其他人反对它。(in favor of, strongly against)

Some_are_in_favor_of_the_idea;_however,_others_are_strongly_against_it.

④你尽可放心，他明天会按时来的，因为他是世界上最值得信赖的人。(depend on it, turn up, reliable)

You_can_depend_on_it_that_he_will_turn_up_on_time_tomorrow,_because_he_is_the_most_reliable_person_in_the_world._

语法项目(二)　介　词

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example，most people traditionally eat with their hands.

2．(2016·浙江高考改编)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.

 ——规则点拨

一、表示地点的介词

1．表示地理位置的in, on, to。

in表示在某范围内，on指“与……毗邻”，to指在某环境范围之外。

Changchun is in the northeast of China.

长春在中国的东北。(长春是中国的组成部分)

Mongolia is on the north of China.

蒙古在中国的北边。(蒙古与中国接壤)

Japan is to the east of China.

日本在中国的东方。(中国和日本是隔海相望的)

2．表示“在……上”的on和in。

on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。

There is a book on the piece of paper.

在纸上有本书。

There is an interesting article in the newspaper.

在报纸上有篇有趣的文章。

3．表示“穿过……”的through和across。

through表示从内部通过，与in有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。

Water flows through the pipe.

水流过水管。

The old man walked across the street.

这位老人走过街道。

4．above, below, over, under, on，beneath的区别。

above　　　　 在某物的斜上方

below   在某物的斜下方

over   在某物的正上方

under   在某物的正下方

on   在某物的上面(两者接触)

beneath   在某物的下面(两者接触)

二、表示时间的介词

1．表示时间的at, in, on。

(1)at表示片刻的时间。例如：at noon,  at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas等。

(2)in表示一段的时间。例如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。

(3)on是指在特定的某一天或某一天的上午、下午和晚上。例如：on Monday,  on Christmas morning, on the following day, on a warm morning等。

2．表示时间的since, for和from。 

(1)since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。

We have not seen each other since 1995.

从1995年开始我们就没有见过彼此。

(2)“for＋时间段”，表示行为或状态持续的时间。

I have been teaching in the school for ten years.

我已经在这所学校教书十年了。

(3)from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。

I hope to do morning exercises from today.

我希望从今天开始做早操。

3．表示时间的after和in。

(1)after表示在某一具体时间点之后，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。

After seven the rain began to fall.

七点之后雨开始下。

(2)in短语和将来时态连用。

We'll be back in three days.

我们会在三天之后回来的。

4．表示时间的over和during。

(1)“over＋名词”表示“一边……一边……；在……过程中”。

Let's have a talk about it over a coffee.

我们边喝咖啡边讨论。

(2)“during＋名词”表示“在……期间”，通常用于一般过去时。

He picked up Japanese during his stay in Japan.

他在日本期间学会了日语。

三、表示“除了”的介词

1．besides指“除了……还有，再加上”，也可用in addition to。

Besides stamps, he also collects ancient coins.

除了邮票，他还收集古币。

2．except指“除了，减去……”，不能放在句首。

All went out except me.

除了我，其他人都出去了。

3．but与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”，经常用在no,  all,  nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。

I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.

除了报纸之外，我从来没见过他读过什么。

4．except for表示“如无……就，只是”，表明具体原因。

His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

除了少量拼写错误外，他的日记其他方面都很好。

四、表示“方式和方法”的介词

 1.as, like两者都可表示“如，像”。

as表示“如，像”时，可以用作介词，也可用作连词。

like表示“如，像”时，通常用作介词，但是在口语中也可用作连词。like含有“好像是”之意，意指“实际上不是”。

I long to fly like a bird in the sky.

我渴望像只小鸟一样在天空飞翔。

He works as a doctor in the hospital.

他在这家医院当医生。

2．介词by, in, with。

by表示使用某种交通工具，且名词前面不加冠词。

in通常指使用某种语言、某种字体等。

with指使用有形的工具、物体或身体的某些部分。

You can reach the island by road or by sea.

你可以通过陆路或海路到达这个岛屿。

You must write the title of the passage in capitals.

你要用大写字母写这篇文章的题目。

The monkey can reach the bananas on the tree with some tools.

猴子会使用某种工具够到树上的香蕉。

五、表示原因的介词

1．because of/on account of

  意思是“因为，由于”，引起的介词短语通常作状语，可以放于句首或句中。

He didn't attend the meeting because of the heavy rain.

因为这场大雨他没有参加会议。

2．due to

意思是“因为，由于”，通常只作表语，作状语时不用于句首。

His illness was due to smoking and drinking.

他生病是因为吸烟和喝酒。

3．thanks to

意思是“因为，由于，多亏了”，多用于句首。

Thanks to his timely help, we finished the task in time.

多亏了他及时的帮助，我们按时完成任务了。

4．for

意思是“因为”，常表示为了某一目的、事业的原因，而but for表示“如果不是因为”。

He gave up smoking for his bad health.

因为身体不好他戒烟了。

5．at和with

 (1)at和一些形容词连用表示引起某种情绪的原因。

be angry at/be surprised at。

(2)with和一些名词搭配也可表示原因，指由于外界而影响到内部，意为“因为；由于”。

jump with joy (高兴地跳起来), shake with anger (气得发抖)。

[注意事项]

1．“by＋交通方式”，中间不加冠词；如果中间加冠词或形容词性物主代词，则介词要用in, on等。

by bike＝on the bike, by train＝in the train。

2．on有时加上特定的词表示“通过某种方式”。

on foot步行　 on a horse骑马

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·南昌二中模拟)The two brothers decided to leave at midnight, for they had many miles to cover.

2．(2017·潍坊一模)The watches arrived in stores in late April. They are sold at different prices, beginning at $349.

3．(2017·泰安二模)As an eight­year­old boy, I spent most of that afternoon sitting in the shade while they sweated in the sunshine.

4．(2017·山东滕州模拟)Years afterward, the nobleman's son was stricken by a serious disease.What saved him？Penicillin.

5．Shandong Province is/lies in the east of China.

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s.

2．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.

3．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better­known city.

 ——规则点拨

一、介词与名词的常用搭配

1．at＋n.表示状态

at a loss 不知所措　　　　 at peace 处于和平中

at war 在战争中   at work 在工作

2．其他以at开头的介词短语

at the beginning of   在……的开始

at the cost of    以……的代价

at the risk of    冒……的危险

at the mercy of    在……支配下；任由……摆布

3．on＋n.表示状态

on exhibition/show 在展出   on fire 着火

on sale 出售，打折   on the way 在途中

on the decrease/increase   在减少/在增加

on holiday/vacation   在度假

4．其他以on开头的介词短语

on account of    因为

on behalf of    代表

on no account/condition    决不

5．by＋n.表示方式

by accident 偶然   by air/plane 乘飞机

by chance 偶然   by coincidence 碰巧

by hand 用手工   by mistake 错误地

by the day 按天算   by nature 天生地

6．in＋n.表示方式

in cash 用现金付款   in depth 在深度上

in detail 详细地   in height 在高度上

in length 在长度上   in English 用英语

7．其他以in开头的介词短语

in no time立刻　　　　　　 in no way 决不

in place of 代替   in possession of 拥有，占有

in addition to 另外   in charge of 掌管……

in return 作为回报   in spite of 尽管

in exchange for 作为交换   in favor of 支持，赞成

in case of 万一；如果；假如   in honour of 为向……表示敬意

in memory of 为了纪念……

in support of 为支持……

8．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)

of benefit 有益处的   of help 有帮助的

of importance 重要的   of significance 有意义的

of use 有用的   of value 有价值的

9．out of＋n.表示状态

out of balance 失去平衡   out of breath 上气不接下气

out of control 不受控制   out of date 过期

out of order 出故障   out of sight 看不到

out of the question 不可能   out of work 失业

10．under＋n.表示被动

under attack 遭到袭击   under pressure 在压力下

under treatment 在治疗中   under control 处于控制之中

11．with＋n.表示方式

with delight/joy 高兴地　 　 with difficulty 困难地

with ease轻而易举地   with fear 害怕地

with pleasure 乐意地

12．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”

beyond compare无与伦比   beyond reach够不到

beyond description难以描述

beyond expression/words难以表达

二、介词与形容词的常用搭配

1．be＋adj.＋about

be anxious about   忧虑……

be curious about    对……好奇

be particular about   对……讲究/挑剔

be worried/concerned about   对……担心

2．be＋adj.＋at

be angry at因……生气   be good at擅长

be astonished at对……吃惊   be present at出席

3．be＋adj.＋in

be absorbed in专注于……   be active in积极于……

be dressed in穿着……   be engaged in 忙于……

be rich in富含…… be occupied in忙于……

4．be＋adj.＋for

be eager for渴望……   be famous for以……著名

be fit for适合，胜任……   be ready for准备好……

be sorry for对……感到抱歉

be prepared for为……做好准备

5．be＋adj.＋from

be absent from 缺席   be different from 不同于

be far from 远离   be free from 不受……影响

6．be＋adj.＋to

be close to接近……   be devoted to致力于……

be equal to等于……   be familiar to 对……来说熟悉

be friendly to 对……友好   be harmful to对……有危害

be kind to对……友好   be similar to与……相似

be grateful to对……心存感激

7．be＋adj.＋of

be aware of意识到……   be fond of喜欢……

be proud of因……而自豪 be short of缺乏……

8．be＋adj.＋with

be busy with忙于……   be familiar with对……熟悉

be combined with与……结合  be patient with对……有耐心  

be popular with受……的欢迎

be pleased with对……感到满意

by angry with (sb.)对(某人)发怒

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·济南二模)If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that?

2．(2017·石家庄二模)I thought I was totally prepared for the journey, but nothing could have prepared me for my family's complaints.

3．(2017·西宁第一次适应性检测)I didn't know you had any interest in painting.

介词在语法填空题中通常以无提示词的形式进行考查，通常从以下几个方面进行考查：

1．考查常用介词的用法

(2016·四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.

解析：for　“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。

2．固定搭配中的介词使用

(2016·天津高考改编)I hate it when she calls me at work — I'm always too busy to carry ________ a conversation with her.

解析：on　carry on “进行，从事”，为固定搭配。

1．介词与名词搭配不当

2．介词与动词搭配不当

3.介词与形容词搭配不当

4．介词的多余

5．介词的缺失

6．习惯搭配中介词的错用

三、介词在书面表达中的增分点

[增分技法]

正确使用介词，写好句子。

①演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。

The performance began with a piece of classical music which was familiar to people in their fifties.

②我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。

I often mistake Wang Hai for his twin brother because they look so similar/very much alike.

[巧用增分]

①对父母而言，没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。(compare)

As_for_parents,_nothing_can_be_compared_with_their_children's_physical_and_mental_health._

②尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，实施援救。(despite)

Despite_the_high_mountains_and_thick_forests,_the_doctors_and_nurses_rushed_to_the_scene_of_the_accident_to_carry_out_the_rescue._

③你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)

You_should_apologize_to_the_people_present_for_what_you_have_just_done._

[题点对点练]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．Our office wasn't far from Chinatown, where I found some very good Chinese restaurants.

2. Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.

3．The Apple Watch is a very small computer a person wears on his or her wrist. It can do many of the same things as an iPhone.

4．She asked my (I) name and said she didn't remember me.

5．Both teams were in hard training; neither was willing to lose the game.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．There are shops on all sides of the street.all→both

2．There are many difficulties and problems that we can't overcome with only their own efforts.their→our

3．About 36% of them are fond of surfing the Internet, which helps him know about the latest news and current affairs in the world.him→them

4．Global warming is having a great effect at hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns.at→on

5．Modern science has given clear evidence that smoking can lead many diseases.lead后加to

6．The book I'm reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain. It is said to have started in the early 1800's.去掉of

[题型综合练]

Ⅰ.语法填空

(2017·平顶山模拟)Human potential is unlimited. Unlike computers, you'll never come across a situation __1__  your brain says the hard drive is full. You can constantly push your limits, __2__   (reach) greater heights.

 __3__  (unfortunate), many do not make good use of their true potential, and lay it to waste by engaging in tasks that are a poor use of their time and energy. Here   __4__  (be) two ways to live below your true potential:

1．Blame the past instead of focusing  __5__  the present. Some people spend their lives living in the past. They regret about what they could have done. __6__   , the past is the past, and no matter how much time we spend thinking about it, it doesn't change anything.

 2.Set small goals. Many people set small goals because they're afraid __7__  (fail). Actually__8__ they're really afraid of is to realize that they've always had all the power to achieve everything they want and that they have wasted their own time and many  __9__  (dream)．Stop settling for less and set your highest goals today. You owe it to__10__ (you)．

语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了人的潜能是无限的，但是很多人没有充分利用并发挥自己真正的潜能。针对这个问题，文章主要列举了两种表现方式。

1．where　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词是“situation”，为抽象的地点名词，且在定语从句中作地点状语。故填关系副词where。

2．reaching　句意：你可以不断挑战自己的极限，达到更高的高度。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语；且逻辑主语“You”与动词reach之间为主动关系。故填现在分词reaching作状语。

3．Unfortunately　句意：不幸的是，很多人没有充分利用他们真正的潜能……分析句子结构可知，此处需用所给词的副词形式Unfortunately，意为“不幸的是”，修饰整个句子。

4．are　分析句子结构可知，该句为全部倒装结构，主语为“two ways”，谓语动词应用复数形式。故填are。

5．on/upon　focus on/upon是固定短语，意为“集中注意力于，聚焦于”，符合语境。故填on/upon。

6．However　句意：他们为过去本可以做而没做的事后悔。然而，过去就是过去……前后两句话之间为转折关系，且空格后有逗号隔开，应填副词However。

7．to fail/of failure　be afraid to do/of sth.是固定短语，意为“害怕(做)某事”，符合语境。故填to fail/of failure。

8．what　分析句子结构可知，空格处引导主语从句；且从句中缺少宾语。故填what。

9．dreams　该空格前有“many”修饰，应用dream的复数形式。故填dreams。

10．yourself　句意：你欠自己一个最高的目标。由此可知，此处需填you的反身代词yourself。

Ⅱ.短文改错

(2017·包头市高三统一考试)

Dear manager，

I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised positions as a secretary of English. Here I would like to introduce me briefly.

I am a 25­year­old young man graduated from the Foreign Languages Department of Jilin University. I have been a English guide for two years after graduation. As a result, my oral English is pretty well. I have great interest the job. I had much confidence in myself. If I am given to the job, I can assure you I will do my best to do it well. I'd like to meet you at your convenient to discuss the possibility of working in your company. An early reply to my application will be high appreciated.

Yours respectfully，

Wang Yong

答案：第一句：positions→position

第二句：me→myself

第三句：man后加who/that或graduated→graduating

第四句：a→an

第五句：well→good

第六句：interest后加in

第七句：had→have

第八句：去掉given后的to

第九句：convenient→convenience

第十句：high→highly

专题三形容词和副词_

 ——考题尝试(单句改错)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage years from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. They were also the best and worse years in my life. worse→worst_

2．(2016·四川高考)The dishes that I cooked were Mom's favoritest. favoritest→favorite_

 ——规则点拨

一、形容词和副词原级比较的用法

1．基本用法。

表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as＋原级形容词/副词＋as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so/as＋原级形容词/副词＋as”的结构。

This building looks not so/as high as that one.

这座大楼看上去不如那座高。

Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.

徐小姐说英语和你一样流利。

2．特殊句式。

(1)sth.is as much A as it is B的意思是“某物既是A也是B”。

Teaching is as much an art as it is a science.

教学既是一门艺术也是一门科学。

(2)A is to B as C is to D的意思是“A对于B来说就好像C对于D一样”。

Books is to him as water is to fish.

书对于他来说就好像水对于鱼来说一样重要。

3．“as＋形容词＋as＋数量词”，这时“as ...as ...”结构通常译为“多达，长达，宽达，高达”等。

The tree is as tall as 13 meters.

这棵树高达13米。

二、形容词和副词比较级的用法

1．双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级＋than”的结构表示。

This picture is more beautiful than that one.

这幅画比那幅要漂亮。

2．表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示。

This room is less beautiful than that one.

这间房间不如那间漂亮。

3．表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even, a lot, a bit, a little, still, much, far, yet, by far等修饰。

He works even harder than before.

他比以前工作更努力了。

4．表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the十比较级(主语＋谓语), the＋比较级(主语＋谓语)”的结构，意为“越……就越……”。

The harder he works, the happier he feels.

他工作越努力就越高兴。

5．不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”的结构。

The weather is getting colder and colder.

天气变得越来越冷。

三、形容词和副词最高级的用法

1．三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the＋最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常跟有表示比较范围的介词短语。

Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.

张华是这三个人中最高的那个。

2．最高级可以被序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really, nothing like等词语所修饰。

This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not nearly/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggest.

这顶帽子显然/绝对/几乎/差不多/远非/绝不/不完全/完全不是最大的。

How much did the second most expensive hat cost?

第二贵的那顶帽子花了多少钱？

[注意事项]

1．某些以­ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有：inferior (劣等的，次的)，superior(较好的，优于……)，junior(资历较浅的)，senior(资格较老的)等。

He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.

他在化学上比张老师优秀。

2．否定词加比较级表示最高级的意思。

I can't think of a better idea.

这是我想到的最好的办法了。

3．表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent, extreme, perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are more_meaningful (meaningful) things to do.

2．—Are you satisfied with the result of the exam?

—Not at all. I can't have a worse (bad) one.

3．Of the two boys, Jim is the younger (young) one, and he is also the one who loves to be noisy.

4．At that time I knew it had to be a significant day to them. Nothing could be better (good) if someone offered to help them.

5．On our way home, the journey was much easier (easy) than before as everyone else fell fast asleep. So, I just took my time and enjoyed the drive.

 ——考题尝试(单句改错)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady. steady→steadily_

2．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. freely→free_

3．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. seriously→serious_

4．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried. terrible→terribly_

 ——规则点拨

一、名词变形容词的方法

1．一些名词，包括一些与“天气”有关的名词，后面加­y可变成形容词。如rain—rainy, cloud—cloudy, wind—windy, snow—snowy等。

2．一些抽象名词在其词尾加­ful可以变为形容词。如care—careful, help—helpful, use—useful等。

3．一些表示国家的名词可以在其词尾加­ese或­n构成形容词。如Japan—Japanese, America—American, Australia—Australian等。注意：Canada—Canadian, China—Chinese,  England—English。

4．在名词后加­ous变成形容词。如danger—dangerous等。

5．在名词后加­ly变成形容词。如friend—friendly, love—lovely等。

6．在名词后加­less变成含有否定意义的形容词。如care—careless (粗心的), use—useless (无用的), hope—hopeless (没希望的), home—homeless (无家可归的)等。

7．一些以­ence结尾的名词，把­ence改为­ent变成形容词。如difference—different, silence—silent等。

8．在名词后加­al或去掉­e再加­al或­inal构成形容词。如critic—critical, nature—natural, crime—criminal等。

二、形容词变副词的方法

1．一般在形容词的词尾加­ly将其变成副词。

如quick—quickly, slow—slowly, loud—loudly, sudden—suddenly等。

2．一些以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，要把­y改为­i，再加­ly。如happy—happily, angry—angrily, lucky—luckily, heavy—heavily, noisy—noisily等。

3．有些以­ble或­le结尾的形容词，去掉­e再加­y。如possible—possibly, terrible—terribly等。

4．少数以­e结尾的形容词，要去掉­e再加­ly。如true—truly等。但绝大多数以­e结尾的形容词仍然直接加­ly。如polite—politely, wide—widely等。

5．以­l结尾的形容词要在词尾加­ly，以­ll结尾的形容词要在词尾加­y。如usual—usually, careful—carefully, useful—usefully, full—fully等。

[注意事项]

1．以重读闭音节结尾且词尾只有一个辅音字母的名词，将其变为形容词时须双写词尾的辅音字母再加­y。如：sun—sunny, fun—funny等。

2．少数以不发音的­e结尾的名词变为形容词时，应去掉­e，再加­y。如：noise—noisy, ice—icy等。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·广东汕头二模)My aunt advised that I needed to go to hospital, and the treatment she provided gave my parents valuable (value) time to take me to the hospital.

2．Ron had a successful (success) career and worked for Ford before retiring.

3．(2017·衡阳八中二模)He was very good­looking, with a very pleasant, sociable manner, and after the introductions,  conversation flowed most enjoyably (enjoy) in the little group.

4．(2017·南昌高三二模)Curiously (curious), I gave him my full attention.

5．(2017·山西运城期末调研)Obviously (obvious), I was doing very badly.

6．(2017·西北师大附中月考)Chopsticks originated in China, but they are widely (wide) used in many Asian countries.

1．考查形容词或副词的比较等级

所给提示词是形容词或副词时，需考虑是否变为比较级或最高级。

①(2016·全国卷Ⅱ) If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify  (识别) those of  ________  (great) and less importance.

解析：greater　本空所填之词与less是并列关系，应用比较级的形式。

②(2014·辽宁高考)The  ________  (hard)  you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit.

解析：harder　这里是“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”句式，表示“越……就越……”。

2．考查词类转换

所给提示词是形容词时，还需要考虑形容词转化为副词或名词。

①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The title will be  ________ (official)  given to me at a ceremony in London.

解析：officially　修饰动词应用副词形式。

②(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ________ (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.

解析：ability　空格前的their是形容词性物主代词，其后应该接名词。

1．形容词与副词的错用

2．形近引起的错用

3．比较等级的错用

[增分技法]

1．正确使用形容词和副词。

①那天我病得很厉害，不幸的是，爸爸也不在家。

I was seriously ill that day, but unfortunately, Dad wasn't at home.

②又惊又怕，他不知道该怎么办。

Frightened and surprised, he was at a loss what to do.

2．正确使用比较级、最高级。

①说着容易做着难。

It's easier said than carried out.

②现在，学好英语是你最最重要的事情。

At the moment, learning English well is by far the most important thing for you.

[巧用增分]

①终于，我们到家了，又累又饿。(hungry, tired)

At_last,_we_arrived_home,_hungry_and_tired.

②唱歌可以使人放松，也可以帮助减轻压力。(sing songs, relaxing, reduce stress)

Singing_songs_is_relaxing,_which_can_help_reduce_stress.

③我听说你上周病了。你现在轻一点了吗？(be ill, any better)

I_hear_that_you_were_ill_last_week._Are_you_any_better_now?

④我认为英语要比数学容易得多、有趣得多。(使用much修饰比较级)

I_think_English_is_much_easier_and_much_more_interesting_than_math._

[题点对点练]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．(2017·河南省高考适应性模拟)I found it hard to hear her commentary (评论) as she seemed to be talking to only the three or four people closer (close) to her.

2．(2017·郑州高三诊断)But he said they also had more sugar and salt, so they tasted much better (good)．

3．(2017·保定二模)As we know, the greater difficulty we meet on our way to success, the more_likely (likely) we will be able to achieve our goals.

4．(2017·唐山一中仿真模拟一)However, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even younger (young) ages.

5．(2017·聊城二模)The more I thought about it, the worse (bad) my mood became.

6．(2016·聊城三模)One of the worst (bad) gift choices I ever made was for my high school English teacher, Ms Chen.

7．(2017·河北隆化存瑞中学高三二检)There are amazing (amaze) things in the world.

8．(2017·龙岩3月质检)No one is beyond the law, so it is reasonable (reason) that the talented young university student was sentenced to death for murdering his roommate with poison.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．(2017·成都外国语学校月考)His calming, gently voice did wonders and I decided to study harder and complete my graduation early.gently→gentle;_early→earlier

2．(2017·安徽示范性高中第二次联考)If smokers can't quit smoking once and for all, they can reduce the number of  cigarettes they have per day until this bad habit is dropped  complete.complete→completely

3．(2017·福州十三中期中考试)She is strong against my  going there.strong→strongly

4．(2014·浙江高考)I noticed that the carriage was noise and  filled with people.noise→noisy

5．(2014·辽宁高考)That is too much for us, considering how  closely the houses are.closely→close

Ⅲ.单句写作

1．李华各科成绩都很好。在我看来，与其说他聪明，不如说他勤奋。(do well in, subject, in my opinion, diligent, intelligent)

Li_Hua_does_well_in_all_his_subjects._In_my_opinion,_he_is_more_diligent_than_intelligent._

2．在全身心投入之后，他发现学英语越来越有趣，并且他的英语成绩也越来越好。(put one's heart into, find, get better)

After_putting_his_heart_into_it,_he_finds_learning_English_more_and_more_interesting_and_his_English_is_getting_better_and_better._

3．他给我们讲了一个吸引人的故事，我们被他的故事迷住了。(fascinating, be fascinated by)

He_told_us_a_fascinating_story_and_we_were_fascinated_by_his_story._

[题型综合练]

Ⅰ.语法填空

(2017·福建五校统考)According to a recent survey, violence does exist in schools. Students show their fear; parents and teachers also __1__ (express) their great concern about it. Experts hope __2__ whole society pays more attention to the mental health of adolescents.

Nowadays, school violence is a hot issue. I think this is a phenomenon, which __3__ (call) for our great concern. We should make every effort __4__ (prevent) school violence happening, for more and more students would drop out if their personal __5__ (safe) could not be guaranteed. In fact, violence can be learned. __6__ (actual), children learn violent behavior from adults or from __7__ they see on television or on the Internet.

If I meet with school violence, I will not answer violence with violence, for it will result in __8__ (much) fighting. I will tell my teachers or parents about it. I think they will help me deal with it well and they will protect me __9__ bad guys.

All in all, we students should behave __10__ (we) and keep away from violence.

1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________

5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________

9．________　10.________

语篇解读：学校存在暴力，这一现象引起了老师和家长的关注。

1．express　根据语境，特别是前一分句中的show可知，此处应用一般现在时，parents and teachers与express为主谓关系，故填express。

2．the　the whole society意为“全社会”，为固定用法，故填the。

3．calls　分析句子结构可知，which引导定语从句，指代“a phenomenon”，与call为主谓关系，再由“I think this is”可知，此处应用一般现在时，故填calls。

4．to prevent　我们应当尽一切努力阻止校园暴力的发生。make every effort to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“尽力做某事”。

5．safety　根据空处前的“their personal”可知，空处应填名词safety。

6．Actually　分析句子结构可知，空处所填词位于句首，修饰全句，作状语，故用副词Actually。

7．what　分析句子结构可知，空处所填词引导宾语从句，且在从句中作“see”的宾语，相当于the things that，故用what。

8．more　句意：如果我遇到校园暴力，我不会以暴制暴，因为这会导致更多的争斗。根据句意可知，空处应使用比较级more。

9．from　protect ...from ...意为“使……免受……之害”，为固定搭配。

10．ourselves　behave oneself为固定搭配，意为“举止得体”；再由提示词we可知，空处应用反身代词ourselves。

Ⅱ.短文改错

(2017·山东泰安一模)Everyone should take the action to reduce haze (雾霾), which is harmless to our health. First of all, I believe that if we plant more tree, there will be less haze in their city. Trees can absorb car exhaust fumes, thus reduce pollution. Second, the government should punish the factories where produce too many fumes.  Exhaust fumes is the main cause of haze and do greatly harm to people's health. Maybe we can move factories to areas where few people live.  Third, I think it was a great idea to encourage people to use public  transportation. Last but not least, we can call on citizens ride bikes if they travel short journeys.

答案：第一句：去掉the; harmless→harmful

第二句：tree→trees; their→our

第三句：reduce→reducing

第四句：where→which/that

第五句：is→are; greatly→great

第七句：was→is

第八句：ride前加to

专题四动词的时态和语态_

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2016·浙江高考改编)While online shopping has_changed  (change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive.

2．(2016·北京高考改编)—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?

—The new Star Wars. We have_been_waiting (wait) here for more than two hours.

3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)This cycle goes (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.

 ——规则点拨

一、一般现在时

1．表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受语境限制)。

The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.

地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。

2．表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表示频率的时间状语连用。

We always care for each other and help each other.

我们总是相互关心、相互帮助。

3．表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong, seem等。

All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.

这里所有的学生都是第一中学的。

4．在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。

If you come this afternoon, we'll have a meeting.

如果你今天下午来，我们就举行会议。

5．按照时刻表运行的动作常用一般现在时态。

The plane takes off at 9：30 am.

飞机上午9：30起飞。

二、现在进行时

1．表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。

They're having a meeting.

他们正在开会。

2．表示计划或安排好了的将来动作，常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。

Mike is coming home on Thursday.

迈克星期四回来。

3．现在进行时与always, often, forever等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。

You're always interrupting me!

你老打断我的话！

三、现在完成时

1．表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，其结果的影响现在依然存在。有时与just, already,   yet, recently, before, twice, three times等时间状语连用，常与非延续性动词连用，如  leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等。

  I have seen the film already.

我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容)

2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，常与“since＋时间点”、“for＋时间段”及how long, (ever) since, ever, before, so far, in the last/past few years, up to  now, till now等时间状语连用。

She has been a dancer for ten years.

她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。

3．用于现在完成时的句型。

It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句

This (That/It) is the first (second ...) time that＋现在完成时

This (That/It) is the only ...＋that＋现在完成时

This (That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting ...＋that＋现在完成时

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

这是我第一次访问这座城市。

That's the most interesting book I've ever read.

那是我看过的最有意思的书。

四、现在完成进行时

1．表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在，并有可能持续下去。

Tom has been working hard since the new term began.

自从新学期开始，汤姆一直在努力学习。

2．表示到目前为止的一段时间内动作时断时续、反复发生。

You have been telling me not to be late all the way.

一路上你反复告诉我不要迟到。

3．表示某种感情色彩。

You have been daydreaming but make no efforts.

你一直在做白日梦，但从不努力。

[注意事项]

1．要注意由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表示“意愿”，但不表示时态。

If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.

如果你愿意接受邀请并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。

2．注意动词加­ing形式时的特殊情况。

(1)在以ie结尾的动词后，改ie为y，再加­ing。例如：lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。

(2)在以c结尾的动词后加­king。例如：picnic—picnicking, panic—panicking。

 ——对点演练(单句语法填空)

1．(2017·朝阳区重点中学考试)—Can I help you, madam?

—No, thank you. I am_waiting (wait) for my order.

2．(2017·沈阳铁路实验中学月考)—When will our teacher give the answer?

 —Not until we have_finished (finish) the exercise.

3．(2017·瑞安市高三四校联考)Tom has_been_working/has_worked (work) in the library every night over the last three months.

4．(2017·哈尔滨师范大学附属中学月考)—Do you  know if Betty will go hiking this weekend?

—Betty? Never! She hates (hate) strong sunlight.

5．(2017·太原市高三第二学段测评)In order to make up the missing notes, he has_been_trying (try) his best to spend as much spare time as possible doing this job these days.

 ——考题尝试(单句语法填空)

1．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and were (be) too violent for use at the table.

2．(2016·四川高考)Then, after two and a half years, the mother drove (drive) the young panda away.

3．(2016·北京高考改编)Jack was_working (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.

4．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)It was raining lightly when I  arrived (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.

 ——规则点拨

一、一般过去时

1．在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。常见的时间状语有yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?

刚才你上哪儿去了？

2．表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去参观，都受到热烈欢迎。

3．wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时，表示试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。

I thought you might have some.

我以为你会有一些。

Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

达比太太在肯塔基州住过七年。

4．表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。常见的连接词有but,  and,  when,  as soon as,  immediately,  the moment, the minute。

The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.

她一进来就告诉我她发生了什么。

二、过去进行时

1．过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个动作发生的时候，另一个动作也发生。常用的时间状语有this morning,  the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。

We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.

昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。

2．过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。

What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday evening?

昨天晚上九点她在做什么？

3．在复合句中，如果主句动作和从句动作都是延续性的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。

While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.

他边等车边看报纸。

三、过去完成时

1．过去完成时中常见的时间状语有before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as。

He said that he had learned some English before.

他说过他以前学过一些英语。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。

2．在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句中用过去完成时。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

她说她从未去过巴黎。

3．在状语从句中，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

警察到时，小偷们已经跑了。

4．表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……未能……”。

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。

5．“had hardly ...when .../had no sooner ...than ...”表示“刚……就……”。

I had hardly/no sooner opened the door when/than he hit me.

我刚打开门，他就打了我。

6．“It was the first/second ...time that从句”中用过去完成时。

It was the third time that he had told me to pay attention to my handwriting.

那是他第三次告诉我要注意书写。

四、过去将来时

1．过去将来时的用法。

(1)表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在状态。

She hoped that they would meet again someday.

她希望将来有一天他们能再见面。

(2)表示过去的某种习惯行为。

He would sit for hours doing nothing.